• Assessment
    What is the relationship between supplemental vitamin E and cardiovascular disease?
    • Conclusion

      Supplemental Vitamin E, given in both natural and synthetic forms, in doses between 30-600 mg/day or 400-800 IU/day, alone or in combination with other antioxidants, has not been shown to decrease the risk for all cause mortality, cardiovascular death, fatal or nonfatal MI. Doses at this level have not been shown to cause harm.

    • Grade: II
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
    What is the relationship between supplemental vitamin E and plasma lipid levels?
    • Conclusion

      Supplemental Vitamin E (100 IU to 1200 IU/day) alone, or in combination with other antioxidants, has not been shown to have a favorable or unfavorable effect serum lipids.

    • Grade: II
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Intervention
    What is the relationship between eating foods rich in antioxidants and cardiovascular disease?
    • Conclusion

      Epidemiological data suggest that intake of foods rich in Vitamin E, C and B-carotene (dietary antioxidants) as part of a cardioprotective dietary pattern have been associated with decreased risk for coronary heart disease.

    • Grade: III
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
    What is the relationship between supplemental beta-carotene and cardiovascular disease?
    • Conclusion

      Supplemental Beta-carotene (60-200 mg/day) does not decrease the risk for cardiovascular death or nonfatal MI in primary and secondary prevention patients

    • Grade: I
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
    What is the relationship between supplemental vitamin C and cardiovascular disease?
    • Conclusion

      Supplemental Vitamin C (50-1,000 mg/day) in combination with other antioxidants (vitamin E, b-carotene, selenium) has not been shown to have any effect on all cause mortality, cardiovascular death, fatal or nonfatal MI.

    • Grade: II
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.