• Intervention
    What are the nutrition interventions that may prevent the recurrence of GDM in women with previous GDM?
    • Conclusion

      Five studies were evaluated to investigate the relationship between nutrition interventions and the recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus in women with a history of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM).  In three studies reporting recurrence of GDM, prevalence ranged from 30% to 65%.  Five studies evaluating modifiable risk factors for GDM recurrence include higher prepregnancy body mass index and weight gain between pregnancies. 

    • Grade: I
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
    What is the evidence of the relationship between breastfeeding and women with GDM?
    • Conclusion

      A matched population study and two reviews were evaluated to investigate breastfeeding in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).  Short duration of breastfeeding results in long-term improvements in glucose metabolism even after adjustment for maternal age, BMI, and use of insulin during pregnancy. Breastfeeding may also reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes in children.   Further research is needed regarding breastfeeding in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

    • Grade: III
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Monitoring and Evaluation
    What are the nutrition interventions that may prevent the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in women with previous GDM?
    • Conclusion

      Seven studies were evaluated to investigate the relationship between nutrition interventions and the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes.  In four studies reporting development of type 2 diabetes, ranging from two to fifteen years in length, prevalence ranged from 15% to 40%.  All seven studies examining the association between history of GDM and type 2 diabetes mellitus reported that the risks of developing diabetes can be reduced with weight loss.

    • Grade: I
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.