• Assessment
    Is intake of dairy related to adiposity in children?
    • Conclusion

      Research indicates that a low intake of dairy may be associated with increased adiposity among children.

    • Grade: III
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
    • Search Plan and Results: Child Nutrition: Dairy 2005
       
  • Intervention
    What effect does the consumption of milk and milk products have on mucus production for patients with COPD?
    • Conclusion

      Authors of a narrative review published in 2005 of 49 references concluded that while some people may perceive some aspects of mucus production after consuming milk and milk products (either cow's or soy), there is no significant effect of milk and milk product consumption on mucus production or various lung function parameters.  Further research on milk and milk product consumption on mucus production in people with COPD is needed. 

    • Grade: III
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
    How effective (in terms of client adherence and weight loss/maintenance) is the promotion of the Dietary Guidelines/Food Guide Pyramid in making more healthy food choices (more fruits and vegetables, lean meats, skim dairy products)?
    • Conclusion
      There is some evidence that adhering to the recommendations in the Dietary Guidelines/Food Guide Pyramid results in healthier intake.  Generally, these studies use existing data and analyze that data using the guidelines.  However, these studies have been conducted with a wide variety of goals and fail to arrive at a common conclusion.  There is a need for studies with more sophisticated designs and more diverse samples. Additionally, studies that specifically utilize the DGs and FGP as intervention tools are needed to determine whether or not the promotion of these guidelines leads to healthier dietary intake.
    • Grade: III
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
    In adults, how effective (in terms of client adherence and weight loss and maintenance) is the High Calcium (Dairy) diet?
    • Conclusion

      Several studies report that total daily intakes of calcium below recommended levels (1,000 mg per day for adults ages 19-50 years and 1,200 mg per day for adults over age 51) are associated with increased body weight, body fat, BMI, waist circumference and relative risk of obesity in white and black adults. However, it is unclear if this is a result of a poor overall diet.

      In one cohort study, no association between these variables and recommended levels of calcium intake was found. Several randomized controlled trials based on levels of total daily calcium above recommended levels have shown conflicting results. Four trials have shown a loss of body weight and body fat (especially from the trunk region of the body) both in the absence of energy restriction and with modest energy restriction (-500 kcal per day), while two trials report no significant differences in weight loss or maintenance.

      Further studies establishing a causal relationship between total daily calcium intake, calcium supplementation or dairy intake and weight management are needed.

    • Grade: III
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.