CRDA: Effect Size Table: Results of Sub-Group Analysis for Adults with Overweight or Obesity (2023)

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CRDA: Effect Size Table: Results of Sub-Group Analysis for Adults with Overweight or Obesity (2023)

Effect Size Table: Results of subgroup analysis of CHO restrictive intervention according to energy restriction, amount of CHO restriction, intervention duration and study quality. [mean difference 95% CI) (View table in PDF) 

Green=Statistically significant Blue=Not significant  

 

Outcome or Subgroup Title # Studies # Participants Effect Size
 1.0 Body Weight (BW) 19 1,350  -1.22 [-2.00, -0.45]
 1.1 BW by Energy Restriction: Not Restricted 4 300  -1.24 [-2.28, -0.19]
 1.2 BW by Energy Restriction: Restricted 11 804  -1.29 [-2.19, -0.39]
 1.3 BW by Energy Restriction: Not Reported 4 246  -1.45 [-4.59, 1.69]
 1.4 BW by Diet: MCD vs HCD 12 782  -1.08 [-2.25, 0.09]
 1.5 BW by Diet: MCD vs. MCD 5 381  -1.13 [-2.72, 0.45]
 1.6 BW by Diet: LCD vs. MCD 2 187  -1.99 [-3.44, -0.54]
 1.7 BW by Intervention Duration: < 3 months 7 994  -0.81 [-2.17, 0.55]
 1.8 BW by Intervention Duration: 3–6 months 8 615  -1.73 [-3.14, -0.32]
 1.9 BW by Intervention Duration: ≥12 months 4 382  -1.17 [-2.97, 0.63]
 1.10 BW by Study Quality: Some Concerns 8 558  -0.79 [-1.66, 0.07]
 1.11 BW by Study Quality: High Risk 8 460  -1.25 [-2.81, 0.31]
 1.12 BW by Study Quality Low Risk  3 332  -2.07 [-3.03, -1.11]
   # Studies  # Participants  Effect Size
 2.0 Body Mass Index (BMI) 10 1,676  -0.23 [-0.59, 0.13] 
 2.1 BMI by Energy Restriction: Not Restricted 2 218  -0.50 [-1.36, 0.35]
 2.2 BMI by Energy Restriction: Restricted 4 1,136  -0.07 [-0.39, 0.24]
 2.3 BMI by Energy Restriction: Not Reported 4 322  -0.36 [-1.54, 0.83]
 2.4 BMI by Diet: MCD vs. HCD 6 393  -0.44 [-1.13, 0.26]
 2.5 BMI by Diet: MCD vs. MCD 4 1,283  0.00 [-0.59, 0.13]
 2.6 BMI by Intervention Duration: <3 months 2 124  0.50 [0.21, 0.78]
 2.7 BMI by Intervention Duration: 3–6 months 6 509  -0.42 [-0.91, 0.08]
 2.8 BMI by Intervention Duration: ≥12 months 2 1,043  -0.32 [-0.91, 0.28]
 2.9 BMI by Study Quality: Some Concerns 4 1,216  -0.15 [-0.50, 0.20]
 2.10 BMI by Study Quality: High Risk 6 460  0.33 [-1.13, 0.47]
  # Studies # Participants Effect Size
 3.0 Waist Circumference (WC) 12 1,626  -0.84 [-1.39, -0.28]
 3.1 WC by Energy Restriction: Not Restricted 2 79  -0.93 [-2.50, 0.64]
 3.2 WC by Energy Restriction: Restricted 6 1,225  -0.75 [-1.61, 0.11]
 3.3 WC by Energy Restriction: Not Reported 4 322  -1.65 [-4.28, 0.98]
 3.4 WC by Diet: MCD vs. HCD 8 400  -0.61 [-1.37, 0.16]
 3.5 WC by Diet: MCD vs. MCD 5 1,226  -1.32 [-2.25, -0.39]
 3.6 WC by Intervention Duration: <3 months 5 251  -0.66 [-1.60, 0.29]
 3.7 WC by Intervention Duration: 3–6 months 6 413  -1.62 [-2.95, -0.29]
 3.8 WC by Intervention Duration: ≥12 months 1 962  -0.74 [-1.76, -0.29]
 3.9 WC by Study Quality: Some Concerns 5 1,188  -0.49 [-1.16, 0.18]
 3.10 WC by Study Quality: High Risk 6 399  -1.50 [-3.51, 0.51]
 3.11 WC by Study Quality: Low Risk 1 39  -1.80 [-3.15, -0.45]
  # Studies # Participants Effect Size
 4.0 Fat Mass (FM) 13 1,697  -0.17 [-0.32, -0.02]
 4.1 FM by Energy Restriction: Not Restricted 2 120  -0.42 [-0.86, 0.03]
 4.2 FM by Energy Restriction: Restricted 9 1,471  -0.05 [-0.16, 0.05]
 4.3 FM by Energy Restriction: Not Reported 2 106  -0.64 [-1.81, 0.53]
 4.4 FM by Diet: MCD vs. HCD 9 599  -0.17 [-0.38, 0.04]
 4.5 FM by Diet: MCD vs. MCD 4 1,098  -0.18 [-0.40, 0.05]
 4.6 FM by Intervention Duration: <3 months 4 193  -0.21 [-0.54, 0.11]
 4.7 FM by Intervention Duration: 3–6 months 6 323  -0.35 [-0.75, 0.05]
 4.8 FM by Intervention Duration ≥12 months 3 1,181  -0.05 [-0.16, 0.07]
 4.9 FM by Study Quality: Some Concerns 6 1,235  -0.06 [-0.17, 0.05]
 4.10 FM by Study Quality: High Risk 6 285  -0.41 [-0.89, 0.07]
 4.11 FM by Study Quality: Low Risk 2 177  -0.38 [-1.27, 0.50]
  # Studies # Participants  Effect Size
 5.0 Fat Free Mass (LB/FFM) 10 1,458  -0.04 [-0.14, 0.07]
 5.1. FFM by Energy Restriction: Not Restricted 1 39  -0.36 [-0.99, 0.28]
 5.2. FFM by Energy Restriction: Restricted 8 1,369  -0.00 [-0.11, 0.10]
 5.3. FFM by Energy Restriction: Not Reported 1 50  -0.85 [-1.43, -0.27]
 5.4. FFM by Diet: MCD vs. HCD 7 416  -0.10 [-0.32, 0.12]
 5.5. FFM by Diet: MCD vs. MCD 3 1,042  -0.02 [-0.14, 0.10]
 5.6. FFM by Intervention Duration: <3 months 4 193  -0.09 [-0.37, 0.20]
 5.7. FFM by Intervention Duration: 3-6 months 4 124  -0.28 [-0.71, 0.15]
 5.8. FFM by Intervention Duration: ≥12 months 2 1,100  0.01 [-0.11, 0.12]
 5.9. FFM by Study Quality: Some Concerns 5 1,154  -0.00 [-0.12, 0.11]
 5.10. FFM by Study Quality: High Risk 3 127  -0.39 [-0.92, 0.14]
 5.11. FFM by Study Quality: Low Risk 2 177  -0.06 [-0.40, 0.28]
  # Studies # Participants Effect Size
 6.0 Hemoglobin bA1c (HbA1c) 5 1,326  -0.16 [-0.28, -0.04]
 6.1. HbA1c by Prediabetes Status: Yes 2 1,090  -0.05 [-0.47, 0.37]
 6.2. HbA1c by Prediabetes Status: No 3 236  -0.17 [-0.29, -0.04]
 6.3. HbA1c by Energy Restriction: Not Restricted 1 40  -0.04 [-0.31, 0.23]
 6.4. HbA1c by Energy Restriction: Restricted 2 1,003  -0.56 [-2.20, 1.07]
 6.5. HbA1c by Energy Restriction: Not Reported 2 283  -0.18 [-0.32, -0.05]
 6.6. HbA1c by Diet: MCD vs. HCD 1 40  -0.04 [-0.31, 0.23]
 6.7. HbA1c by Diet: MCD vs. MCD 3 1,131  -0.08 [-0.49, 0.33]
 6.8. HbA1c by Diet: LCD vs. MCD 1 155  -0.20 [-0.34, -0.06]
 6.9. HbA1c by Intervention Duration: <3 months 1 40  -0.04 [-0.31, 0.23]
 6.10. HbA1c by Intervention Duration: 3–6 months 3 324  -0.19 [-0.32, -0.05]
 6.11. HbA1c by Intervention Duration: ≥12 months 1 962  0.0 [-4.23, 4.23]
 6.12. HbA1c by Study Quality: Some Concerns 2 1,002  -0.04 [-0.31, 0.23]
 6.13. HbA1c by Study Quality: High Risk 2 169  -0.08 [-0.49, 0.33]
 6.14. HbA1c by Study Quality: Low Risk 1 155  -0.20 [-0.34, -0.06]
  # Studies # Participants Effect Size
 7.0 Fastiang Blood Glucose (FBG) 15 1,955  -0.08 [-0.16, 0.00]
 7.1. FBG by Prediabetes Status: Yes 3 1,146  -0.10 [-0.34, 0.13]
 7.2. FBG by Prediabetes Status: No 12 809  -0.08 [-0.17, 0.00]
 7.3. FBG by Energy Restriction: Not Restricted 3 216  -0.06 [-0.18, 0.06]
 7.4. FBG by Energy Restriction: Restricted 8 1,350  -0.07 [-0.26, 0.12]
 7.5. FBG by Energy Restriction: Not Reported 4 389  -0.14 [-0.31, 0.03]
 7.6. FBG by Diet: MCD vs. HCD 8 437  -0.06 [-0.25, 0.12]
 7.7. FBG by Diet: MCD vs. MCD 6 1,363  -0.08 [-0.19, 0.02]
 7.8. FBG by Diet: LCD vs. MCD 1 155  -0.10 [-0.38, 0.02]
 7.9. FBG by Intervention Duration: <3 months 5 233  -0.04 [-0.42, 0.34]
 7.10. FBG by Intervention Duration: 3-6 months 8 705  -0.09 [-0.19, -0.00]
 7.11. FBG by Intervention Duration: ≥12 months 2 1,017  -0.10 [-0.36, 0.16]
 7.12. FBG by Study Quality: Some Concerns 6 1,293  -0.03 [-0.26, 0.20]
 7.13. FBG by Study Quality: High Risk 7 468  -0.13 [-0.25, -0.01]
 7.14. FBG by Study Quality: Low Risk 2 194  -0.06 [-0.28, 0.16]
  # Studies # Participants  Effect Size
 8.0 Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) 9 594  -4.86 [-6.6, -3.11]
 8.1. SBP by Energy Restriction: Not Restricted 3 216  -4.12 [-7.99, -0.26]
 8.2. SBP by Energy Restriction: Restricted 3 144  -3.50 [-8.24, 1.25]
 8.3. SBP by Energy Restriction: Not Reported 3 234  -4.50 [-8.58, -0.43]
 8.4. SBP by Diet: MCD vs. HCD 4 193  -6.17 [-8.39, -3.95]
 8.5. SBP by Diet: MCD vs. MCD 5 401  -2.75 [-5.57, 0.07]
 8.6. SBP by Intervention Duration: <3 months 3 127  -5.33 [-8.47, -2.19]
 8.7. SBP by Intervention Duration: 3–6 months 5 412  -3.04 [-6.16, 0.08]
 8.8. SBP by Intervention Duration: ≥12 months 1 55  -4.60 [-10.94, 1.74]
 8.9. SBP FM by Study Quality: Some Concerns 3 225  -4.68 [-8.98, -0.38]
 8.10. SBP by Study Quality: High Risk 5 330  -4.11 [-7.33, -0.89]
 8.11. SBP by Study Quality: Low Risk 1 39  -2.61 [-7.19, 1.97]
  # Studies # Participants Effect Size
 9.0. Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) 9 594  -1.47 [-3.22, 0.29]
 9.1. DBP by Energy Restriction: Not Restricted 2 79  -3.19 [-7.40, 1.02]
 9.2. DBP by Energy Restriction: Restricted 3 144  0.60 [-4.32, 3.12]
 9.3. DBP by Energy Restriction: Not Reported 4 371  -1.29 [-3.55, 0.98]
 9.4. DBP by Diet: MCD vs. HCD 4 193  -2.08 [-4.93, 0.76]
 9.5. DBP by Diet: MCD vs. MCD 5 401  -1.08 [-3.32, 1.16]
 9.5. DBP by Intervention Duration: <3 months 3 127  -3.43 [-6.96, 0.09]
 9.6. DBP by Intervention Duration: 3–6 months 5 412  -1.07 [-3.25, 1.11]
 9.7. DBP by Intervention Duration: ≥12 months 1 55  0.90 [-4.69, 6.49]
 9.8. DBP by Study Quality: Some Concerns 3 225  0.80 [-3.62, 2.02]
 9.9. DBP by Study Quality: High Risk 5 330  -1.53 [-4.02, 0.97]
 9.10. DBP by Study Quality: Low Risk 1 39  -3.52 [-8.77, 1.73]
  # Studies # Participants Effect Size
 10.0 Total Cholesterol (TC) 14 993  -0.09 [-0.25, 0.06]
 10.1. TC by Energy Restriction: Not Restricted4 3 216  -0.08 [-0.33, 0.16]
 10.2. TC by Energy Restriction: Restricted 7 388  -0.11 [-0.43, 0.21]
 10.3. TC by Energy Restriction: Not Reported 4 389  -0.11 [-0.43, 0.22]
 10.4. TC by Diet: MCD vs. HCD 8 437  -0.21 [-0.57, 0.14]
 10.5. TC by Diet: MCD vs. MCD 5 401  -0.10 [-0.21, 0.02]
 10.6. TC by Diet: LCD vs. MCD 1 155  0.20 [-0.08, 0.48]
 10.7. TC by Intervention Duration: <3 months 5 233  -0.34 [-0.73, 0.04]
 10.8. TC by Intervention Duration: 3–6 months 8 705  -0.03 [-0.21, 0.16]
 10.9. TC by Intervention Duration: ≥12 months 1 55  -0.10 [-0.25, 0.06]
 10.10. TC by Study Quality: Some Concerns 5 331  -0.29 [-0.73, 0.15]
 10.11. TC by Study Quality: High Risk 7 468  -0.10 [-0.34, 0.14]
 10.12. TC by Study Quality: Low Risk 2 194  0.06 [-0.27, 0.38]
  # Studies # Participants Effect Size
 11.0. LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) 13 937  -0.04 [-0.20, 0.13]
 11.1. LDL-C by Energy Restriction: Not Restricted 3 216  -0.17 [-0.46, 0.13]
 11.2. LDL-C by Energy Restriction: Restricted 7 388  0.04 [-0.23, 0.32]
 11.3. LDL-C by Energy Restriction: Not Reported 4 333  -0.04 [-0.24, 0.17]
 11.4. LDL-C by Diet: MCD vs. HCD 8 437  -0.04 [-0.36, 0.26]
 11.5. LDL-C by Diet: MCD vs. MCD 4 345  -0.05 [-0.16, 0.06]
 11.6. LDL-C by Diet: LCD vs. MCD 1 155  0.10 [-0.12, 0.31]
 11.7. LDL-C by Intervention Duration: <3 months 5 233  -0.22 [-0.45, 0.02]
 11.8 LDL-C by Intervention Duration: 3-6 months 7 649  0.01 [-0.13, 0.15]
 11.9. LDL-C by Intervention Duration: ≥12 months 1 55  0.60 [0.23, 0.97]
 11.10. LDL-C by Study Quality: Some Concerns 5 331  -0.15 [-0.44, 0.13]
 11.11. LDL-C by Study Quality: High Risk 7 412  0.04 [-0.24, 0.31]
 11.12 LDL-C by Study Quality: Low Risk 2 194  0.01 [-0.22, 0.24]
  # Studies # Participants Effect Size
 12.0. HDL-C (HDL) 14 993  -0.02 [-0.06, 0.02]
 12.1. HDL by Energy Restriction: Not Restricted 3 216  0.00 [-0.05, 0.06]
 12.2. HDL by Energy Restriction: Restricted 7 388  -0.06 [-0.16, 0.04]
 12.3. HDL by Energy Restriction: Not Reported 4 389  -0.02 [-0.08, 0.04]
 12.4. HDL by Diet: MCD vs. HCD 8 437  -0.03 [-0.08, 0.03]
 12.5. HDL by Diet: MCD vs. MCD 5 401  -0.01 [-0.07, 0.05]
 12.6. HDL FM by diet: LCD vs. MCD 1 155  0.00 [-0.14, 0.14]
 12.7. HDL by Intervention Duration: <3 months 5 233  -0.01 [-0.12, 0.10]
 12.8. HDL by Intervention Duration: 3-6 months 8 705  -0.02 [-0.06, 0.02]
 12.9. HDL by Intervention Duration: ≥12 months 1 55  0.00 [-0.16, 0.16]
 12.10. HDL by Study Quality: Some Concerns 5 331  -0.01 [-0.09, 0.06]
 12.11. HDL by Study Quality: High Risk 7 468  -0.04 [-0.09, 0.02]
  12.12. HDL by Study Quality: Low Risk 2 194 -0.02 [-0.08, 0.12]
  # Studies # Participants  Effect Size
 13.0. Triglycerides (TG) 13 838  -0.17 [-0.25, -0.08]
 13.1. TG by Energy Restriction: Not Restricted 3 216  -0.11 [-0.25, -0.08]
 13.2. TG by Energy Restriction: Restricted 7 388  -0.17 [-0.31, -0.03]
 13.3. TG by Energy Restriction: Not Reported 3 234  -0.51 [-0.79, -0.23]
 13.4. TG by Diet: MCD vs. HCD 8 437  -0.27 [-0.47, -0.07]
 13.5. TG by Diet: MCD vs. MCD 5 401  -0.12 [-0.20, -0.05]
 13.6. TG by Intervention Duration: <3 months 5 233  -0.14 [-0.26, -0.02]
 13.7. TG by Intervention Duration: 3-6 months 7 550  -0.21 [-0.37, -0.05]
 13.8. TG by Intervention duration: ≥12 months 1 55  -0.30 [-0.73, 0.13]
 13.9. TG by Study Quality: Some Concerns 5 331  -0.12 [-0.22, -0.02]
 13.10. TG by Study Quality: High Risk 7 468  -0.28 [-0.47, -0.09]
 13.11. TG by Study Quality: Low Risk 1 39  -0.11 [-0.24, 0.02]
       
 14.0. C-reactive Protein (CRP) 6 524  0.02 [-0.16, 0.20]
 14.1. CRP by Energy Restriction: Not Restricted 2 176  -0.08 [-0.38, 0.21]
 14.2. CRP by Energy Restriction: Restricted 3 193  0.25 [-0.15, 0.65]
 14.3. CRP by Energy Restriction: Not Reported 1 155  -0.08 [-0.39, 0.24]
 14.4. CRP by Diet: MCD vs. HCD 3 193  0.25 [-0.15, 0.65]
 14.5. CRP by Diet: MCD vs. MCD 2 176  -0.08 [-0.38, 0.21]
 14.6. CRP by Diet: LCD vs. MCD 1 155  -0.08 [-0.39, 0.24]
 14.7. CRP by Intervention Duration: <3 months 1 39  -0.33 [-0.97, 0.31]
 14.8. CRP by Intervention Duration: 3-6 months 4 430  0.08 [-0.19, 0.34]
 14.9. CRP by Intervention Duration: ≥12 months 1 55  0.08 [-0.45, 0.61]
 14.10. CRP by Study Quality: Some Concerns 1 137  -0.02 [-0.35, 0.32]
 14.11. CRP by Study Quality: High Risk 3 193  0.25 [-0.15, 0.65]
 14.11. CRP by Study Quality: Low Risk 2 194  -0.13 [-0.41, 0.16]
  # Studies # Participants Effect Size
 15.0 Quality of Life (QoL) 1 32 NA
       
 16.0 Type 2 Diabetes Incidence 1 962 NA
       

Abbreviations: HCD=high carbohydrate diet; LCD=low carbohydrate diet; MCD=moderate carbohydrate diet; NS=not significant; OB=obese; OW=overweight