EAL

Recommendations Summary

Search Plan and Results

Evidence Analysis Question(s)

In patients with advanced heart failure (NYHA Class IV/AHA Stage D), what is the effect of sodium or fluid intake on renal function labs and clinical labs?

In patients with advanced heart failure (NYHA Class IV/AHA Stage D), what is the effect of sodium or fluid intake on quality measures (re-admissions rate, length of stay, mortality)?

In patients with heart failure (NYHA Classes I-IV/AHA Stages B and C), what is the effect of sodium or fluid intake on renal function labs and clinical labs?

In patients with advanced heart failure (NYHA Class IV/AHA Stage D), what is the effect of sodium or fluid intake on quality of life, signs and symptoms?

In patients with heart failure (NYHA Classes I-IV/AHA Stages B and C), what is the effect of sodium or fluid intake on quality measures (readmissions rate, length of stay, mortality)?

In patients with heart failure (NYHA Classes I-IV/AHA Stages B and C), what is the effect of sodium or fluid intake on quality of life, signs and symptoms?

Date of Literature Review

July 2014

Inclusion Criteria

Age
All adults (19 and over).
Setting
All settings.

Health Status
Ejection fraction up to 45%.

Nutrition-Related Problem or Condition

Cachexia

Edema

Fatigue

Shortness of breath

Limited activities

Anorexia

QOL

Re-admissions.

Study Design Preferences

RCT or clinical controlled trials

Meta-analysis

Cohort studies: Retrospective or prospective

Cross-sectional

At least four weeks or one month in duration.

Size of Study Groups
N more than 10 in each arm.

Study Drop Out Rate
Less than 20%.

Year Range
2000 to July 2014.

Authorship

If an author is included on more than one primary research article that is similar in content, the most recent article will be accepted and earlier versions will be rejected

If an author is included on more than one primary research article and the content is different, then both articles may be accepted.

Language
Limited to articles in English.

Exclusion Criteria

Age
Children under 19 years of age.

Health Status

Ejection fraction over 45%

Preserved ejection fraction.

Nutrition-Related Problem or Condition
None.

Study Design Preferences

Review papers (all kinds), commentaries, case reports

Shorter than four weeks or one month in duration.

Size of Study Groups
Fewer than 10 individuals in each arm.

Study Drop-Out Rate
Over 20%.

Year Range
Prior to 2000.

Language
Non English.

Search Terms: Search Vocabulary

Health Condition (populations of patients)
advanced heart failure; clinically stable; chronic heart failure; heart failure; congestive heart failure; cardiomyopathy; postpartum cardiomyopathy; renal insufficiency; reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)

Intervention
diet, nutrition, sodium-restrict*; sodium intake; salt intake, fluid intake

Study Design
RCT; randomized controlled trial; clinical-controlled trial; meta-analysis; cohort (prospective or retrospective) at least 4 weeks/1 month in duration.

Outcomes

Renal function/parameters

Creatinine

Creatinine clearance

BUN

Renin (also plasma renin activity)

Aldosterone

Vasopressin

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Renal perfusion

Intra-abdominal and central venous pressure

Serum Na/K

Fluid balance (I/O)

BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide).

Symptoms

Fatigue

Activities limited

Chest congestion

VO₂

Cardiopulmonary function test (CPX)

Edema

Volume overload or hypervolumia

Volume depletion

Decompensation

Shortness of breath (dyspnea)

Re-admissions

QOL

NYHA class

Six-minute walk

Self-adherence score

Congruency

Cardiorenal syndrome

Cardiohepatic syndrome.

Medications

Diuretic usage.

Anthropometrics

Dry weight

Weight change.

Limits to be Applied at the Start of a Search

RCT

Randomized controlled trial

Clinical-controlled trial

Meta-analysis

Cohort (prospective or retrospective)

Publication range: January 1, 2000 to August 31, 2014

Humans

Age: 19 years or older

Language: English.

Electronic Databases

Results of Sodium Search Sept 15, 2014
PubMed

Search Terms

Hits

Abstracts Reviewed

Search (advanced heart failure) AND sodium restrict* Filters: Clinical Trial; Controlled Clinical Trial; Randomized Controlled Trial; Meta-Analysis; Observational Study; Publication date from 2000/01/01 to 2014/08/31; Humans; English

2

2

Search (advanced heart failure) AND sodium intake Filters: Clinical Trial; Controlled Clinical Trial; Randomized Controlled Trial; Meta-Analysis; Observational Study; Publication date from 2000/01/01 to 2014/08/31; Humans; English

4

3

(advanced[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("sodium chloride"[MeSH Terms] OR ("sodium"[All Fields] AND "chloride"[All Fields]) OR "sodium chloride"[All Fields] OR "salt"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])

1

1

"heart failure"[MeSH Terms] AND (sodium restricted[All Fields] OR sodium restricting[All Fields] OR sodium restriction[All Fields] OR sodium restrictions[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])

22

13

"heart failure"[MeSH Terms] AND (("sodium, dietary"[MeSH Terms] OR ("sodium"[All Fields] AND "dietary"[All Fields]) OR "dietary sodium"[All Fields] OR "sodium"[All Fields] OR "sodium"[MeSH Terms]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])

28

12

"heart failure"[MeSH Terms] AND (("sodium chloride"[MeSH Terms] OR ("sodium"[All Fields] AND "chloride"[All Fields]) OR "sodium chloride"[All Fields] OR "salt"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])

9

3

(clinically[All Fields] AND stable[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (sodium restricted[All Fields] OR sodium restricting[All Fields] OR sodium restriction[All Fields] OR sodium restrictions[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])

1

0

(clinically[All Fields] AND stable[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("sodium chloride"[MeSH Terms] OR ("sodium"[All Fields] AND "chloride"[All Fields]) OR "sodium chloride"[All Fields] OR "salt"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])

0

(clinically[All Fields] AND stable[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("sodium, dietary"[MeSH Terms] OR ("sodium"[All Fields] AND "dietary"[All Fields]) OR "dietary sodium"[All Fields] OR "sodium"[All Fields] OR "sodium"[MeSH Terms]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])

0

(clinically[All Fields] AND stable[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND ("diet"[MeSH Terms] OR "diet"[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])

2

0

(chronic[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (sodium restricted[All Fields] OR sodium restricting[All Fields] OR sodium restriction[All Fields] OR sodium restrictions[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])

9

3

(chronic[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("sodium, dietary"[MeSH Terms] OR ("sodium"[All Fields] AND "dietary"[All Fields]) OR "dietary sodium"[All Fields] OR "sodium"[All Fields] OR "sodium"[MeSH Terms]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])

6

2

(chronic[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("sodium chloride"[MeSH Terms] OR ("sodium"[All Fields] AND "chloride"[All Fields]) OR "sodium chloride"[All Fields] OR "salt"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])

3

0

Results of Fluid Search

Search Terms

Hits

Abstracts to Rev

(advanced[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND monitoring[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

2

0

(clinically[All Fields] AND stable[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND monitoring[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

1

0

(chronic[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND monitoring[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

7

0

("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields]) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND monitoring[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

37

Fluid 1

9

("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields] OR ("congestive"[All Fields] AND "heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "congestive heart failure"[All Fields]) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND monitoring[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

37

Fluid 2

10

(advanced[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

0

(clinically[All Fields] AND stable[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

1

Fluid 3

1

(chronic[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

8

Fluid 4

2

(advanced[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

0

(clinically[All Fields] AND stable[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

1

1

(chronic[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

11

3

("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields]) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

30

5

("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields] OR ("congestive"[All Fields] AND "heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "congestive heart failure"[All Fields]) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

30

6

("cardiomyopathies"[MeSH Terms] OR "cardiomyopathies"[All Fields] OR "cardiomyopathy"[All Fields]) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

1

0

(("postpartum period"[MeSH Terms] OR ("postpartum"[All Fields] AND "period"[All Fields]) OR "postpartum period"[All Fields] OR "postpartum"[All Fields]) AND ("cardiomyopathies"[MeSH Terms] OR "cardiomyopathies"[All Fields] OR "cardiomyopathy"[All Fields])) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

1

0

("renal insufficiency"[MeSH Terms] OR ("renal"[All Fields] AND "insufficiency"[All Fields]) OR "renal insufficiency"[All Fields]) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

2

0

(advanced[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

4

0

clinically[All Fields] AND stable[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

2

1

(chronic[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

14

3

("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields]) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

46

6

("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields] OR ("congestive"[All Fields] AND "heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "congestive heart failure"[All Fields]) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

46

6

("cardiomyopathies"[MeSH Terms] OR "cardiomyopathies"[All Fields] OR "cardiomyopathy"[All Fields]) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

4

1

(("postpartum period"[MeSH Terms] OR ("postpartum"[All Fields] AND "period"[All Fields]) OR "postpartum period"[All Fields] OR "postpartum"[All Fields]) AND ("cardiomyopathies"[MeSH Terms] OR "cardiomyopathies"[All Fields] OR "cardiomyopathy"[All Fields])) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])

0

Results of Fluid Search
Cochrane

Heart failure and fluid restriction

25 trials

9

Search Terms	Hits	Abstracts Reviewed
Search (advanced heart failure) AND sodium restrict* Filters: Clinical Trial; Controlled Clinical Trial; Randomized Controlled Trial; Meta-Analysis; Observational Study; Publication date from 2000/01/01 to 2014/08/31; Humans; English	2	2
Search (advanced heart failure) AND sodium intake Filters: Clinical Trial; Controlled Clinical Trial; Randomized Controlled Trial; Meta-Analysis; Observational Study; Publication date from 2000/01/01 to 2014/08/31; Humans; English	4	3
(advanced[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("sodium chloride"[MeSH Terms] OR ("sodium"[All Fields] AND "chloride"[All Fields]) OR "sodium chloride"[All Fields] OR "salt"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])	1	1
"heart failure"[MeSH Terms] AND (sodium restricted[All Fields] OR sodium restricting[All Fields] OR sodium restriction[All Fields] OR sodium restrictions[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])	22	13
"heart failure"[MeSH Terms] AND (("sodium, dietary"[MeSH Terms] OR ("sodium"[All Fields] AND "dietary"[All Fields]) OR "dietary sodium"[All Fields] OR "sodium"[All Fields] OR "sodium"[MeSH Terms]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])	28	12
"heart failure"[MeSH Terms] AND (("sodium chloride"[MeSH Terms] OR ("sodium"[All Fields] AND "chloride"[All Fields]) OR "sodium chloride"[All Fields] OR "salt"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])	9	3
(clinically[All Fields] AND stable[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (sodium restricted[All Fields] OR sodium restricting[All Fields] OR sodium restriction[All Fields] OR sodium restrictions[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])	1	0
(clinically[All Fields] AND stable[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("sodium chloride"[MeSH Terms] OR ("sodium"[All Fields] AND "chloride"[All Fields]) OR "sodium chloride"[All Fields] OR "salt"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])	0
(clinically[All Fields] AND stable[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("sodium, dietary"[MeSH Terms] OR ("sodium"[All Fields] AND "dietary"[All Fields]) OR "dietary sodium"[All Fields] OR "sodium"[All Fields] OR "sodium"[MeSH Terms]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])	0
(clinically[All Fields] AND stable[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND ("diet"[MeSH Terms] OR "diet"[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])	2	0
(chronic[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (sodium restricted[All Fields] OR sodium restricting[All Fields] OR sodium restriction[All Fields] OR sodium restrictions[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])	9	3
(chronic[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("sodium, dietary"[MeSH Terms] OR ("sodium"[All Fields] AND "dietary"[All Fields]) OR "dietary sodium"[All Fields] OR "sodium"[All Fields] OR "sodium"[MeSH Terms]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])	6	2
(chronic[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("sodium chloride"[MeSH Terms] OR ("sodium"[All Fields] AND "chloride"[All Fields]) OR "sodium chloride"[All Fields] OR "salt"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])	3	0

Search Terms	Hits	Abstracts to Rev
(advanced[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND monitoring[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	2	0
(clinically[All Fields] AND stable[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND monitoring[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	1	0
(chronic[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND monitoring[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	7	0
("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields]) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND monitoring[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	37 Fluid 1	9
("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields] OR ("congestive"[All Fields] AND "heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "congestive heart failure"[All Fields]) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND monitoring[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	37 Fluid 2	10
(advanced[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	0
(clinically[All Fields] AND stable[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	1 Fluid 3	1
(chronic[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND ((Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Meta-Analysis[ptyp] OR Observational Study[ptyp] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[ptyp] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp]) AND ("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	8 Fluid 4	2
(advanced[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	0
(clinically[All Fields] AND stable[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	1	1
(chronic[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	11	3
("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields]) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	30	5
("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields] OR ("congestive"[All Fields] AND "heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "congestive heart failure"[All Fields]) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	30	6
("cardiomyopathies"[MeSH Terms] OR "cardiomyopathies"[All Fields] OR "cardiomyopathy"[All Fields]) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	1	0
(("postpartum period"[MeSH Terms] OR ("postpartum"[All Fields] AND "period"[All Fields]) OR "postpartum period"[All Fields] OR "postpartum"[All Fields]) AND ("cardiomyopathies"[MeSH Terms] OR "cardiomyopathies"[All Fields] OR "cardiomyopathy"[All Fields])) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	1	0
("renal insufficiency"[MeSH Terms] OR ("renal"[All Fields] AND "insufficiency"[All Fields]) OR "renal insufficiency"[All Fields]) AND (fluid restricted[All Fields] OR fluid restriction[All Fields] OR fluid restrictions[All Fields] OR fluid restrictive[All Fields]) AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	2	0
(advanced[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	4	0
clinically[All Fields] AND stable[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	2	1
(chronic[All Fields] AND ("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields])) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	14	3
("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields]) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	46	6
("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "heart failure"[All Fields] OR ("congestive"[All Fields] AND "heart"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "congestive heart failure"[All Fields]) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	46	6
("cardiomyopathies"[MeSH Terms] OR "cardiomyopathies"[All Fields] OR "cardiomyopathy"[All Fields]) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	4	1
(("postpartum period"[MeSH Terms] OR ("postpartum"[All Fields] AND "period"[All Fields]) OR "postpartum period"[All Fields] OR "postpartum"[All Fields]) AND ("cardiomyopathies"[MeSH Terms] OR "cardiomyopathies"[All Fields] OR "cardiomyopathy"[All Fields])) AND (("body fluids"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "fluids"[All Fields]) OR "body fluids"[All Fields] OR "fluid"[All Fields]) AND intake[All Fields]) AND (("2000/01/01"[PDAT] : "2014/08/31"[PDAT]) AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang] AND "adult"[MeSH Terms])	0

List of Included Articles

Arcand J, Ivanov J, Sasson A, Floras V, Al-Hesayen A, Azevedo ER, Mak S, Allard JP, Newton GE. A high-sodium diet is associated with acute decompensated heart failure in ambulatory heart failure patients: a prospective follow-up study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011; 93 (2): 332-337.
Paterna S, Fasullo S, Parrinello G, Cannizzaro S, Basile I, Vitrano G, Terrazzino G, Maringhini G, Ganci F, Scalzo S, Sarullo FM, Cice G, Di Pasquale P. Short-term effects of hypertonic saline solution in acute heart failure and long-term effects of a moderate sodium restriction in patients with compensated heart failure with New York Heart Association class III (Class C) (SMAC-HF Study). Am J Med Sci. 2011; 342 (1): 27-37.
Son YJ, Lee Y, Song EK. Adherence to a sodium-restricted diet is associated with lower symptom burden and longer cardiac event-free survival in patients with heart failure. J Clin Nurs. 2011; 20 (21-22): 3, 029-3, 038.
Spaderna H, Zahn D, Pretsch J, Connor SL, Zittermann A, Schulze Schleithoff S, Bramstedt KA, Smits JM, Weidner G. Dietary habits are related to outcomes in patients with advanced heart failure awaiting heart transplantation. J Card Fail. 2013; 19 (4): 240-250.

Included Articles 2006

No articles were included from 2006.

Articles Considered, but Excluded

List of Excluded Articles with Reason

Reference	Reason Excluded
Abraham WT, Compton S, Haas G, Foreman B, Canby RC, Fishel R, McRae S, Toledo GB, Sarkar S, Hettrick DA, FAST Study Investigators. Intrathoracic impedance vs daily weight monitoring for predicting worsening heart failure events: results of the Fluid Accumulation Status Trial (FAST). Congest Heart Fail. 2011; 17 (2): 51-55.	Study did not address fluid intake, focused on bioelectrical impedance
Albert NM, Nutter B, Forney J, Slifcak E, Tang WH. A randomized controlled pilot study of outcomes of strict allowance of fluid therapy in hyponatremic heart failure (SALT-HF). J Card Fail. 2013; 19 (1): 1-9.	Hyponatremic heart failure
Aliti GB, Rabelo ER, Clausell N, Rohde LE, Biolo A, Beck-da-Silva L. Aggressive fluid and sodium restriction in acute decompensated heart failure: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2013; 173 (12): 1, 058-1, 064.	Patients had acute decompensated heart failure, not advanced or clinically stable heart failure
Arcand J, Floras JS, Azevedo E, Mak S, Newton GE, Allard JP. Evaluation of two methods for sodium intake assessment in cardiac patients with and without heart failure: the confounding effect of loop diuretics. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011; 93 (3): 535-541.	No outcomes of interest
Asada K, Fujiu K, Imai Y, Kojima T, Sugiyama H, Suzuki T, Kinugawa K, Hirata Y, Nagai R. Intrathoracic impedance monitoring in patients with heart failure: correlation with dehydration and bleeding events. Circ J. 2012; 76 (11): 2, 592-2, 598.	Study did not address fluid intake, focused on bioelectrical impedance
Butler J, Forman DE, Abraham WT, Gottlieb SS, Loh E, Massie BM, O'Connor CM, Rich MW, Stevenson LW, Wang Y, Young JB, Krumholz HM. Relationship between heart failure treatment and development of worsening renal function among hospitalized patients. Am Heart J. 2004; 147 (2): 331-338.	Study did not focus on fluid intervention
Conraads VM, Tavazzi L, Santini M, Oliva F, Gerritse B, Yu CM, Cowie MR. Sensitivity and positive predictive value of implantable intrathoracic impedance monitoring as a predictor of heart failure hospitalizations: the SENSE-HF trial. Eur Heart J. 2011; 32 (18): 2, 266-2, 273.	Study did not address fluid intake, focused on bioelectrical impedance
Damgaard M, Goetze JP, Norsk P, Gadsboll N. Altered sodium intake affects plasma concentrations of BNP but not proBNP in healthy individuals and patients with compensated heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28 (22): 2, 726-2, 731.	Relates to medical diagnosis and intervention, not a nutrition diagnosis or intervention
Donner Alves F, Correa Souza G, Brunetto S, Schweigert Perry ID, Biolo A. Nutritional orientation, knowledge and quality of diet in heart failure: randomized clinical trial. Nutr Hosp. 2012; 27 (2): 441-448.	Primary intervention is not sodium intake
Freimark D, Arad M, Sokolover R, Zlochiver S, Abboud S. Monitoring lung fluid content in CHF patients under intravenous diuretics treatment using bioimpedance measurements. Physiol Meas. 2007; 28 (7): S269-S277.	Study did not address fluid intake, focused on bioelectrical impedance
Holst M, Stromberg A, Lindholm M, Willenheimer R. Description of self-reported fluid intake and its effects on body weight, symptoms, quality of life and physical capacity in patients with stable chronic heart failure. J Clin Nurs. 2008; 17 (17): 2, 318-2, 326.	Ejection fraction 45%
Holst M, Stromberg A, Lindholm M, Willenheimer R. Liberal versus restricted fluid prescription in stabilised patients with chronic heart failure: results of a randomised cross-over study of the effects on health-related quality of life, physical capacity, thirst and morbidity. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2008; 42 (5): 316-322.	Manipulated fluid intake but did not provide any details about sodium intake
Hummel SL, Seymour EM, Brook RD, Sheth SS, Ghosh E, Zhu S, Weder AB, Kovacs SJ, Kolias TJ. Low-sodium DASH diet improves diastolic function and ventricular-arterial coupling in hypertensive heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail. 2013; 6 (6): 1, 165-1, 171.	Ejection fraction >50%
Kalogeropoulos AP, Georgiopoulou VV, Murphy RA, Newman AB, Bauer DC, Harris TB, Yang Z, Applegate WB, Kritchevsky SB. Dietary sodium content, mortality, and risk for cardiovascular events in older adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. JAMA Intern Med. 2015; 175 (3): 410-419.	Not HF population
Kansal MM, Mookadam F, Tajik AJ. Drink more, and eat less: advice in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2010; 106 (9): 1, 313-1, 316.	Not HF population
Kataoka H. A new monitoring method for the estimation of body fluid status by digital weight scale incorporating bioelectrical impedance analyzer in definite heart failure patients. J Card Fail. 2009; 15 (5): 410-418.	Study did not look at fluid intake. Study focused on using BIA to detect weight gain.
Lennie TA, Moser DK, Biddle MJ, Welsh D, Bruckner GG, Thomas DT, Rayens MK, Bailey AL. Nutrition intervention to decrease symptoms in patients with advanced heart failure. Res Nurs Health. 2013; 36 (2): 120-145.	Study in progress, results not published
Lennie TA, Song EK, Wu JR, Chung ML, Dunbar SB, Pressler SJ, Moser DK. Three gram sodium intake is associated with longer event-free survival only in patients with advanced heart failure. J Card Fail. 2011; 17 (4): 325-330.	Study population includes LVEF <40%
Parrinello G, Di Pasquale P, Licata G, Torres D, Giammanco M, Fasullo S, Mezzero M, Paterna S. Long-term effects of dietary sodium intake on cytokines and neurohormonal activation in patients with recently compensated congestive heart failure. J Card Fail. 2009; 15 (10): 864-873.	Retracted publication
Paterna S, Parrinello G, Cannizzaro S, Fasullo S, Torres D, Sarullo FM, Di Pasquale P. Medium term effects of different dosage of diuretic, sodium and fluid administration on neurohormonal and clinical outcome in patients with recently compensated heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2009; 103 (1): 93-102.	The confounding effect of the varying doses of furosemide among the 8 study groups, as well as that it was the earlier pilot publication of Paterna 2011
Philipson H, Ekman I, Forslund HB, Swedberg K, Schaufelberger M. Salt and fluid restriction is effective in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2013; 15 (11): 1, 304-1, 310.	Not all subjects had ejection fraction <45%
Philipson H, Ekman I, Swedberg K, Schaufelberger M. A pilot study of salt and water restriction in patients with chronic heart failure. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2010; 44 (4): 209-214.	Pilot study to the later study
Sadanaga T, Ando K, Hirota S, Mitamura H, Tsuchihashi T, Kohsaka S, Fukuda K, Ogawa S. B-type natriuretic peptide levels are decreased by reducing dietary salt intake in patients with compensated heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Intern Med J. 2013; 43 (6): 663-667.	Does not pertain to systolic heart failure
Sarkar S, Hettrick DA, Koehler J, Rogers T, Grinberg Y, Yu CM, Abraham WT, Small R, Tang WH. Improved algorithm to detect fluid accumulation via intrathoracic impedance monitoring in heart failure patients with implantable devices. J Card Fail. 2011; 17 (7): 569-576.	Study did not address fluid intake, focused on bioelectrical impedance
Sekiguchi Y, Tada H, Yoshida K, Seo Y, Li S, Tejima T, Shoda M, Kamakura S, Aonuma K. Significant increase in the incidence of ventricular arrhythmic events after an intrathoracic impedance change measured with a cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator. Circ J. 2011; 75 (11): 2, 614-2, 620.	Study did not address fluid intake, focused on bioelectrical impedance
Shochat M, Charach G, Meyler S, Meisel S, Weintraub M, Mengeritsky G, Mosseri M, Rabinovich P. Prediction of cardiogenic pulmonary edema onset by monitoring right lung impedance. Intensive Care Med. 2006; 32 (8): 1, 214-1, 221.	Study did not address fluid intake, focused on bioelectrical impedance
Soga Y, Ando K, Arita T, Hyodo M, Goya M, Iwabuchi M, Nobuyoshi M. Efficacy of fluid assessment based on intrathoracic impedance monitoring in patients with systolic heart failure. Circ J. 2011; 75 (1): 129-134.	Study did not address fluid intake, focused on bioelectrical impedance
Stewart RM, Park PK, Hunt JP, McIntyre RC Jr, McCarthy J, Zarzabal LA, Michalek JE, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Clinical Trials Network. Less is more: improved outcomes in surgical patients with conservative fluid administration and central venous catheter monitoring. J Am Coll Surg. 2009; 208 (5): 725-735.	Not HF population. Focused on patients with ARDS/ALI
Tang WH, Wickemeyer WJ, Germany RE, Hoppe BL, Andriulli JA, Brady PA, Sarkar S, Hettrick DA, Small RS. Uncovering interim clinical events at the time of clinical encounter by reviewing intrathoracic impedance threshold crossings. J Card Fail. 2011; 17 (11): 893-898.	Study did not address fluid intake, focused on bioelectrical impedance
Travers B, O'Loughlin C, Murphy NF, Ryder M, Conlon C, Ledwidge M, McDonald K. Fluid restriction in the management of decompensated heart failure: no impact on time to clinical stability. J Card Fail. 2007; 13 (2): 128-132.	Study only days in length, did not meet minimum study duration

Excluded Articles 2006

Reference	Reason Excluded
Alvelos, M, Ferreira, A, Bettencourt P, et al. The effect of dietary sodium restriction on neurohumoral activity and renal dopaminergic response in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Failure. 2004; 6: 593-599.	Study only 15 days in length, did not meet minimum study duration
Arcand JL, Brazel S, Joliffe C, et al, Education by a dietitian in patients with heart failure results in improved adherence with a sodium-restricted diet: A randomized trial. Am Heart J. 2005; 150: 716e1-716e5.	No outcomes of interest
Damgaard M, Norsk P et al. Hemodynamic and neuroendocrine responses to changes in sodium intake in compensated heart failure, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006, 290: R1294-R1301.	Focused on seated versus supine posturing during cycling exercise
Ducharme A, Doyon O, White M, Rouleau JL, Brophy JM. Impact of care at a multidisciplinary congestive heart failure clinic: a randomized trial. CMAJ. 2005 Jul 5; 173 (1): 40-45.	Off-topic: Intervention was disease management, not just a nutrition intervention
Dunbar SB, Clark PC, Deaton C, Smith AL, De AK, O'Brien MC. Family education and support interventions in heart failure: a pilot study. Nurs Res. 2005 May-Jun; 54 (3): 158-166.	Not intervention of interest
Futterman LG, Lemberg L. Diuretics, the most critical therapy in heart failure, yet often neglected in the literature. Am J Crit Care. 2003 Jul; 12 (4): 376-380.	Wrong study design (case reports)
Kimmelstiel C, Levine D, Perry K, Patel AR, Sadaniantz A, Gorham N, Cunnie M, Duggan L, Cotter L, Shea-Albright P, Poppas A, LaBresh K, Forman D, Brill D, Rand W, Gregory D, Udelson JE, Lorell B, Konstam V, Furlong K, Konstam MA. Randomized controlled evaluation of short- and long-term benefits of heart failure disease management within a diverse provider network: the SPAN-CHF trial. Circulation. 2004 Sep 14; 110(11): 1, 450-1, 455. Epub 2004 Aug 16.	Off-topic: Intervention was disease management, not just a nutrition intervention
Kuehneman T, Saulsbury D, Splett P, Chapman DB. Demonstrating the impact of nutrition intervention in a heart failure program. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002; 102: 1, 790-1, 794.	No EF reported
McAlister FA, Teo KK. The management of congestive heart failure. Postgrad Med J. 1997 Apr; 73 (858): 194-200.	Wrong study design (review, not systematic review)
Meadows R, Johnson ED. Clinical inquiries. Does a low-salt diet reduce morbidity and mortality in congestive heart failure? J Fam Pract. 2002 Jul; 51 (7): 615.	Wrong study design (clinical inquiry)
Paul S, Trupp RJ. Case studies in heart failure. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2003 Dec; 15 (4): 519-523.	Wrong study design (case reports)
Ramirez EC, Martinez LC, et al. Effects of a Nutritional Intervention on Body Compositiion, Clinical Status, and Quality of Life in Patients with Heart Failure. Nutrition, 2004; 20: 890-895.	Not all subjects had ejection fraction <45%
Sethares KA, Elliott K. The effect of a tailored message intervention on heart failure readmission rates, quality of life, and benefit and barrier beliefs in persons with heart failure. Heart Lung. 2004 Jul-Aug; 33 (4): 249-60.	Not diet specific
Smith B, Forkner E, Zaslow B, Krasuski RA, Stajduhar K, Kwan M, Ellis R, Galbreath AD, Freeman GL. Disease management produces limited quality-of-life improvements in patients with congestive heart failure: evidence from a randomized trial in community-dwelling patients. Am J Manag Care. 2005 Nov; 11 (11): 701-713.	Off-topic: Intervention was disease management, not just a nutrition intervention
Steele IC, Young IS, Stevenson HP, Maguire S, Livingstone MB, Rollo M, Scrimgeour C, Rennie MJ, Nicholls DP. Body composition and energy expenditure of patients with chronic cardiac failure. Eur J Clin Invest. 1998 Jan; 28 (1): 33-40.	Off-topic

Search Methods and Results

Identification

Articles Identified Through Database Searching: 397
Additional Articles Identified Through Other Sources: 15

Screening

Articles Screened After Removing Duplicates: 346
Articles Excluded During the Screening Process: 309

Eligibility

Full-text Articles Assessed for Eligibility: 49
Full-text Articles Excluded: 45

Included

Articles Included in Qualitative Synthesis: 4
Articles Included in Quantitative Synthesis (Meta-analysis): 0