Oncology
Welcome to the Medical Nutrition Therapy for Oncology Project
Nutrition Support in Hematologic Cancers Systematic Review (2025)
Treatment for hematologic malignancies, including hematopoietic cell transplant, is associated with substantial side effects including mucositis, esophagitis, malabsorption, and graft-vs-host disease. As a result, malnutrition is common in these patients and is associated with poorer clinical outcomes. Consequently, nutrition support is a critical component of care for individuals with hematologic malignancies.
The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of various nutrition support interventions in hospitalized individuals with hematologic malignancies on outcomes including:
- Nutritional status
- Anthropometric measures
- Length of hospital stay
- Hospital readmissions
- Quality of life
Although secondary outcomes of survival, cost, adverse events, inflammation, and adequacy of calorie and protein intake were explored in the full systematic review, they are not summarized here, as these outcomes were not assessed using GRADE and the evidence was highly heterogeneous.
Key findings:
Very low certainty of evidence suggests shorter hospital length of stay with enteral nutrition compared with parenteral nutrition, while glutamine-enriched nutrition showed no effect on length of stay. Individualized nutrition support was associated with less weight loss. No single nutrition support strategy was clearly superior; however, findings support current best practices, including prioritizing enteral nutrition and tailoring interventions to individual needs. Overall, associations between nutrition support and most clinical outcomes remains uncertain.
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Oncology Umbrella Review (2024-2025)
Malnutrition frequently affects adults with cancer and is associated with reduced quality of life and increased mortality risk. To guide payers and policymakers in identifying effective care strategies, a clearer understanding of the role dietitians play in cancer care is essential. This umbrella review of systematic reviews aims to assess the impact of dietitian-led interventions—compared to no intervention or standard care—on nutrition-related outcomes in adults across all cancer types and stages.
Key Findings:
In adults with cancer, dietitian interventions may have a beneficial effect on nutrition status, length of stay, quality of life, and protein and energy intake. However, the certainty of evidence was low due to risk of bias, unclear effect sizes, and small sample sizes. The impact of dietitian interventions on body weight in adult cancer patients was mixed but may have some beneficial impact for adults with head and neck cancer. There was no impact of dietitian interventions on mortality.
Dietitian-led interventions show promise in enhancing a broad spectrum of nutrition-related outcomes in adults with cancer. Policymakers and healthcare payers can support the well-being of individuals with cancer by enabling coverage and access to medical nutrition therapy (MNT) delivered by registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs).
Evidence-Based Nutrition Practice Guideline (2013)
The focus of the 2013 Oncology guideline is on oncology nutrition practice during the treatment of adult patients with cancer. Cancer is a complex group of multifactoral diseases that develops from interactions between genetics and environment. Screening for malnutrition risk and performing a comprehensive nutrition assessment are required to identify intervention to maximize adequate intake.
This edition lays the foundation to establish the need for Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) in the adult oncology population, since nutrition plays a key role in all cancers and cancer treatments.
Oncology Systematic Review (2011-2013)
The aim of the systematic review focused on nutrition screening and assessment. The workgroup focused on four subtopic areas:
- The relationship between nutrition status and the following morbidity outcomes in adult oncology patients: hospital admissions or readmissions; hospital length of stay; quality of life; radiation treatment tolerance; and chemotherapy treatment tolerance
- The expert panel reviewed articles on screening and assessment in the oncology population in order to evaluate the available tools and provide evidence-based guidance for the oncology dietitian caring for those patients experiencing nutrition impact symptoms or those at risk for malnutrition.
- Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) is defined as an evidence-based application of the Nutrition Care Process and includes in-depth assessment, periodic re-assessment and intervention. The expert panel this definition for MNT and set the following criteria when evaluating the inclusion and exclusion of studies for the evidence analysis questions on this topic: RD (or equivalent food and nutrition practitioner) provided the intervention; more than one nutrition encounter; and individualized approach.
- The effect of dietary supplements and medical food supplements (MFS) containing fish oil (specifically eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]) on body weight and lean body mass (LBM) in cancer cachexia was reviewed. A dietary supplement is a single nutrient supplement in the form of a pill, capsule, liquid, chew, or other form. An MFS is a commercial or prepared food or beverage that supplements energy, protein, carbohydrate, fiber, or fat intake.
Use the left navigation to view the results of the guideline and systematic review. The complete guideline can be downloaded in PDF format from here.
Expand the section below titled Project Team for a listing of individuals who contributed to the development of the project, conflict of interest disclosures, and project funding information. Expand the section titled Project Resources to view resources developed from this project.
- Project Team and Disclosures: Evidence-Based Nutrition Practice Guideline (2013)
- Project Team and Disclosures: Medical Nutrition Therapy for Oncology Umbrella Review (2024-2025)
- Project Articles and Resources
- Project Team and Disclosures: Nutrition Support in Hematologic Cancers Systematic Review (2025)