Research on fluoride exposure in US children is limited. While estimates of exposure from local tap water sources are available from a federal census, this information is incomplete. Additionally, because there are multiple pathways of fluoride exposure (e.g., supplementation, food, soil, etc.), individual levels of exposure can vary widely.
One study of moderate quality concludes that infants in areas where tap water is adequately fluoridated may be at an increased risk of over-exposure because of multiple fluoride sources (e.g., fluoridated drinking water, infant formula, other beverages and foods). However, uncertainty in the estimates limits the findings.
