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  • Assessment
    In adult men, what is the acute effect of administration or changes in chemical use of caffeine on resting metabolic rate?
    • Conclusion

      Over 1½ to 3 hours after ingesting 200-350 mg caffeine, on average, RMR increased 4-11% above baseline in 38 healthy, non-obese men (18-65 years) that had mild to moderate daily caffeine consumption (90-200 mg caffeine/d).(Arcerio, 1995; Collins, 1994, and Koot, 1995).

    • Grade: II
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
    • Evidence Summary: What are the thermic effects of caffeine use?
      • Detail
      • Quality Rating Summary
        For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
      • Worksheets
        • Acheson KJ, Gremaud G, Meirim I, Montigon F, Krebs Y, Fay LB, Gay LJ, Schneiter P, Schnindler C, Tappy L. Metabolic effects of caffeine in humans: Lipid oxidation or futile cycling. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:40-46.[Not used in Conclusion Statement.]
        • Arciero PJ, Bougopoulos BC, Nindt, Benowitz NL. Influence of age on the thermic response to caffeine in women. Metabolism. 2000;49(1):101-107.
        • Arciero, PJ, Gardner AW, Calles-Escandon J, Benowitz NL, Poehlmen ET. Effects of caffeine ingestion on NE kinetics, fat oxidation, and energy expenditure in younger and older men. Am J Physiol 1995;268(6 Pt 1): E1192-1198. (Note:  This appraisal was not considered in conclusion statement.)
        • Bracco D, Ferrarra JM, Arnaud MJ, Jequier E, Shutz Y. Effects of caffeine on energy metabolism, heart rate, and methylxanthine metabolism in lean and obese women. Am J Physiol. 1995;269(Endocrinol. Metab. 32):E671-E678.
        • Collins LC, Cornelius MF, Vogel RL, Walker JF, Stamford BA. Effect of caffeine and/or cigarette smoking on resting energy expenditure. Int J Obesity 1994.
        • Dulloo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D, Giranrdier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J. Efficiency of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:1040-1045. [Use of room respirator with indirect calorimetry and provided TOTAL energy expenditure that is a different outcome than RMR; Not used in Conclusion Statement Grade].
        • Hollister AS, Kearns GL. American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (ASCPT) position statement on the public health risks of ephedra. Clin Pharmacol Therap. 2003;74(5):403-405.
        • Jessen AB, Toburo S, Astrup A. Effect of chewing gum containing nicotine and caffeine on energy expenditure and substrate utilization. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77(6): 1,442-1,447.
        • Koot P, Deurenberg P. Comparison of changes in energy expenditure and body temperatures after caffeine consumption. Ann Nutr Metab 1995;39:135-142.
        • Shekelle P, Hardy M, Morton SC, Maglione M, Suttorp M, Roth E, et al. E[hedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance enhancement: clinical efficacy and side effects. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No.: 76. Publication No.: 03-EO22. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2003.
        • Yoshida T, Sakane N, Umekawa T, Kondo M. Relationship between basal metabolic rate, thermogenic response to caffeine, and body weight loss following combined low calorie and exercise treatment in obese women. Int J Obesity 1994;18:345-350.
        • Zenk JL, Helmer TR, Kassen LJ, Kuskowski MA. The effect of 7-keto naturalean on weight loss: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Curr Therapeutic Res. 2002;63(4):263-272.
    In adult women, what is the acute effect of administration or changes in chemical use of caffeine on resting metabolic rate?
    • Conclusion

      In 10 lean women ((BMI 19.8±0.9 kg/m2(SD); 40-45 y) residing in Japan with daily mild to moderate coffee- or tea-drinking (50-200 mg caffeine/d), individual 30-minute post-caffeine ingestion (200 mg) RMR increases ranged from 10-23% above baseline (Yoshida, 1994). In age-matched, obese (BMI 30.9±1.5 kg/m2 (SD) women, a 30-minute post-caffeine ingestion RMR increase above baseline ranged from 1-25%. Correspondingly, group mean RMR increases were 15% and 14% in lean and obese Japanese women, respectively. In U.S.-residing moderate coffee-drinking women (100-300 mg caffeine/d), RMR increased above baseline over 90 minutes, on average, by 15% in 10 younger (21-31 y) subjects and by 8% in 10 older (50-67 y) subjects after ingesting an approximate 240 mg caffeine dose (Arcerio, 2000).

    • Grade: III
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
    • Evidence Summary: What are the thermic effects of caffeine use?
      • Detail
      • Quality Rating Summary
        For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
      • Worksheets
        • Acheson KJ, Gremaud G, Meirim I, Montigon F, Krebs Y, Fay LB, Gay LJ, Schneiter P, Schnindler C, Tappy L. Metabolic effects of caffeine in humans: Lipid oxidation or futile cycling. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:40-46.[Not used in Conclusion Statement.]
        • Arciero PJ, Bougopoulos BC, Nindt, Benowitz NL. Influence of age on the thermic response to caffeine in women. Metabolism. 2000;49(1):101-107.
        • Arciero, PJ, Gardner AW, Calles-Escandon J, Benowitz NL, Poehlmen ET. Effects of caffeine ingestion on NE kinetics, fat oxidation, and energy expenditure in younger and older men. Am J Physiol 1995;268(6 Pt 1): E1192-1198. (Note:  This appraisal was not considered in conclusion statement.)
        • Bracco D, Ferrarra JM, Arnaud MJ, Jequier E, Shutz Y. Effects of caffeine on energy metabolism, heart rate, and methylxanthine metabolism in lean and obese women. Am J Physiol. 1995;269(Endocrinol. Metab. 32):E671-E678.
        • Collins LC, Cornelius MF, Vogel RL, Walker JF, Stamford BA. Effect of caffeine and/or cigarette smoking on resting energy expenditure. Int J Obesity 1994.
        • Dulloo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D, Giranrdier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J. Efficiency of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:1040-1045. [Use of room respirator with indirect calorimetry and provided TOTAL energy expenditure that is a different outcome than RMR; Not used in Conclusion Statement Grade].
        • Hollister AS, Kearns GL. American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (ASCPT) position statement on the public health risks of ephedra. Clin Pharmacol Therap. 2003;74(5):403-405.
        • Jessen AB, Toburo S, Astrup A. Effect of chewing gum containing nicotine and caffeine on energy expenditure and substrate utilization. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77(6): 1,442-1,447.
        • Koot P, Deurenberg P. Comparison of changes in energy expenditure and body temperatures after caffeine consumption. Ann Nutr Metab 1995;39:135-142.
        • Shekelle P, Hardy M, Morton SC, Maglione M, Suttorp M, Roth E, et al. E[hedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance enhancement: clinical efficacy and side effects. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No.: 76. Publication No.: 03-EO22. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2003.
        • Yoshida T, Sakane N, Umekawa T, Kondo M. Relationship between basal metabolic rate, thermogenic response to caffeine, and body weight loss following combined low calorie and exercise treatment in obese women. Int J Obesity 1994;18:345-350.
        • Zenk JL, Helmer TR, Kassen LJ, Kuskowski MA. The effect of 7-keto naturalean on weight loss: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Curr Therapeutic Res. 2002;63(4):263-272.
    In obese Japanese women, what is the acute effect of administration or changes in chemical use of caffeine on resting metabolic rate?
    • Conclusion

      In 10 lean women ((BMI 19.8±0.9 kg/m2(SD); 40-45 y) residing in Japan with daily mild to moderate coffee- or tea-drinking (50-200 mg caffeine/d), individual 30-minute post-caffeine ingestion (200 mg) RMR increases ranged from 10-23% above baseline (Yoshida, 1994). In age-matched, obese (BMI 30.9±1.5 kg/m2 (SD) women, a 30-minute post-caffeine ingestion RMR increase above baseline ranged from 1-25%. Correspondingly, group mean RMR increases were 15% and 14% in lean and obese Japanese women, respectively. In U.S.-residing moderate coffee-drinking women (100-300 mg caffeine/d), RMR increased above baseline over 90 minutes, on average, by 15% in 10 younger (21-31 y) subjects and by 8% in 10 older (50-67 y) subjects after ingesting an approximate 240 mg caffeine dose (Arcerio, 2000). 

    • Grade: III
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
    • Evidence Summary: What are the thermic effects of caffeine use?
      • Detail
      • Quality Rating Summary
        For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
      • Worksheets
        • Acheson KJ, Gremaud G, Meirim I, Montigon F, Krebs Y, Fay LB, Gay LJ, Schneiter P, Schnindler C, Tappy L. Metabolic effects of caffeine in humans: Lipid oxidation or futile cycling. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:40-46.[Not used in Conclusion Statement.]
        • Arciero PJ, Bougopoulos BC, Nindt, Benowitz NL. Influence of age on the thermic response to caffeine in women. Metabolism. 2000;49(1):101-107.
        • Arciero, PJ, Gardner AW, Calles-Escandon J, Benowitz NL, Poehlmen ET. Effects of caffeine ingestion on NE kinetics, fat oxidation, and energy expenditure in younger and older men. Am J Physiol 1995;268(6 Pt 1): E1192-1198. (Note:  This appraisal was not considered in conclusion statement.)
        • Bracco D, Ferrarra JM, Arnaud MJ, Jequier E, Shutz Y. Effects of caffeine on energy metabolism, heart rate, and methylxanthine metabolism in lean and obese women. Am J Physiol. 1995;269(Endocrinol. Metab. 32):E671-E678.
        • Collins LC, Cornelius MF, Vogel RL, Walker JF, Stamford BA. Effect of caffeine and/or cigarette smoking on resting energy expenditure. Int J Obesity 1994.
        • Dulloo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D, Giranrdier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J. Efficiency of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:1040-1045. [Use of room respirator with indirect calorimetry and provided TOTAL energy expenditure that is a different outcome than RMR; Not used in Conclusion Statement Grade].
        • Hollister AS, Kearns GL. American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (ASCPT) position statement on the public health risks of ephedra. Clin Pharmacol Therap. 2003;74(5):403-405.
        • Jessen AB, Toburo S, Astrup A. Effect of chewing gum containing nicotine and caffeine on energy expenditure and substrate utilization. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77(6): 1,442-1,447.
        • Koot P, Deurenberg P. Comparison of changes in energy expenditure and body temperatures after caffeine consumption. Ann Nutr Metab 1995;39:135-142.
        • Shekelle P, Hardy M, Morton SC, Maglione M, Suttorp M, Roth E, et al. E[hedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance enhancement: clinical efficacy and side effects. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No.: 76. Publication No.: 03-EO22. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2003.
        • Yoshida T, Sakane N, Umekawa T, Kondo M. Relationship between basal metabolic rate, thermogenic response to caffeine, and body weight loss following combined low calorie and exercise treatment in obese women. Int J Obesity 1994;18:345-350.
        • Zenk JL, Helmer TR, Kassen LJ, Kuskowski MA. The effect of 7-keto naturalean on weight loss: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Curr Therapeutic Res. 2002;63(4):263-272.
    In smokers, what is the acute effect of administration or changes in chemical use of caffeine on resting metabolic rate?
    • Conclusion

      An additive effect on group mean RMR was reported in 18 nonobese men (18-65 y) when caffeine consumption (100 or 200 mg) occurs in addition to nicotine exposure (one or two mg nicotine) (Collins, 1994 and Jessen, 2003). The additive mean RMR change ranged from 6 to 10% above baseline over 30 to 180 minutes (i.e., ½ to 3 hrs) following one to two mg nicotine absorbed via cigarettes or nicotine chewing gum.

    • Grade: III
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
    • Evidence Summary: What are the thermic effects of caffeine use?
      • Detail
      • Quality Rating Summary
        For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
      • Worksheets
        • Acheson KJ, Gremaud G, Meirim I, Montigon F, Krebs Y, Fay LB, Gay LJ, Schneiter P, Schnindler C, Tappy L. Metabolic effects of caffeine in humans: Lipid oxidation or futile cycling. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:40-46.[Not used in Conclusion Statement.]
        • Arciero PJ, Bougopoulos BC, Nindt, Benowitz NL. Influence of age on the thermic response to caffeine in women. Metabolism. 2000;49(1):101-107.
        • Arciero, PJ, Gardner AW, Calles-Escandon J, Benowitz NL, Poehlmen ET. Effects of caffeine ingestion on NE kinetics, fat oxidation, and energy expenditure in younger and older men. Am J Physiol 1995;268(6 Pt 1): E1192-1198. (Note:  This appraisal was not considered in conclusion statement.)
        • Bracco D, Ferrarra JM, Arnaud MJ, Jequier E, Shutz Y. Effects of caffeine on energy metabolism, heart rate, and methylxanthine metabolism in lean and obese women. Am J Physiol. 1995;269(Endocrinol. Metab. 32):E671-E678.
        • Collins LC, Cornelius MF, Vogel RL, Walker JF, Stamford BA. Effect of caffeine and/or cigarette smoking on resting energy expenditure. Int J Obesity 1994.
        • Dulloo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D, Giranrdier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J. Efficiency of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:1040-1045. [Use of room respirator with indirect calorimetry and provided TOTAL energy expenditure that is a different outcome than RMR; Not used in Conclusion Statement Grade].
        • Hollister AS, Kearns GL. American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (ASCPT) position statement on the public health risks of ephedra. Clin Pharmacol Therap. 2003;74(5):403-405.
        • Jessen AB, Toburo S, Astrup A. Effect of chewing gum containing nicotine and caffeine on energy expenditure and substrate utilization. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77(6): 1,442-1,447.
        • Koot P, Deurenberg P. Comparison of changes in energy expenditure and body temperatures after caffeine consumption. Ann Nutr Metab 1995;39:135-142.
        • Shekelle P, Hardy M, Morton SC, Maglione M, Suttorp M, Roth E, et al. E[hedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance enhancement: clinical efficacy and side effects. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No.: 76. Publication No.: 03-EO22. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2003.
        • Yoshida T, Sakane N, Umekawa T, Kondo M. Relationship between basal metabolic rate, thermogenic response to caffeine, and body weight loss following combined low calorie and exercise treatment in obese women. Int J Obesity 1994;18:345-350.
        • Zenk JL, Helmer TR, Kassen LJ, Kuskowski MA. The effect of 7-keto naturalean on weight loss: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Curr Therapeutic Res. 2002;63(4):263-272.
    What is the chronic effect of administration or changes in chemical use of caffeine on resting metabolic rate?
    • Conclusion

      In 20 women (23-26 y) with 10 lean (mean BMI 24±1) and 10 age-matched obese individuals (mean BMI 28 ±0.9), the RMR returned to baseline levels after an overnight abstention from drinking 5 cups coffee/d (dosed based on body weight and approximately 1300 mg caffeine/d the day prior.  (Bracco, et al, 1995).

    • Grade: III
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
    • Evidence Summary: What are the thermic effects of caffeine use?
      • Detail
      • Quality Rating Summary
        For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
      • Worksheets
        • Acheson KJ, Gremaud G, Meirim I, Montigon F, Krebs Y, Fay LB, Gay LJ, Schneiter P, Schnindler C, Tappy L. Metabolic effects of caffeine in humans: Lipid oxidation or futile cycling. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:40-46.[Not used in Conclusion Statement.]
        • Arciero PJ, Bougopoulos BC, Nindt, Benowitz NL. Influence of age on the thermic response to caffeine in women. Metabolism. 2000;49(1):101-107.
        • Arciero, PJ, Gardner AW, Calles-Escandon J, Benowitz NL, Poehlmen ET. Effects of caffeine ingestion on NE kinetics, fat oxidation, and energy expenditure in younger and older men. Am J Physiol 1995;268(6 Pt 1): E1192-1198. (Note:  This appraisal was not considered in conclusion statement.)
        • Bracco D, Ferrarra JM, Arnaud MJ, Jequier E, Shutz Y. Effects of caffeine on energy metabolism, heart rate, and methylxanthine metabolism in lean and obese women. Am J Physiol. 1995;269(Endocrinol. Metab. 32):E671-E678.
        • Collins LC, Cornelius MF, Vogel RL, Walker JF, Stamford BA. Effect of caffeine and/or cigarette smoking on resting energy expenditure. Int J Obesity 1994.
        • Dulloo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D, Giranrdier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J. Efficiency of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:1040-1045. [Use of room respirator with indirect calorimetry and provided TOTAL energy expenditure that is a different outcome than RMR; Not used in Conclusion Statement Grade].
        • Hollister AS, Kearns GL. American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (ASCPT) position statement on the public health risks of ephedra. Clin Pharmacol Therap. 2003;74(5):403-405.
        • Jessen AB, Toburo S, Astrup A. Effect of chewing gum containing nicotine and caffeine on energy expenditure and substrate utilization. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77(6): 1,442-1,447.
        • Koot P, Deurenberg P. Comparison of changes in energy expenditure and body temperatures after caffeine consumption. Ann Nutr Metab 1995;39:135-142.
        • Shekelle P, Hardy M, Morton SC, Maglione M, Suttorp M, Roth E, et al. E[hedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance enhancement: clinical efficacy and side effects. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No.: 76. Publication No.: 03-EO22. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2003.
        • Yoshida T, Sakane N, Umekawa T, Kondo M. Relationship between basal metabolic rate, thermogenic response to caffeine, and body weight loss following combined low calorie and exercise treatment in obese women. Int J Obesity 1994;18:345-350.
        • Zenk JL, Helmer TR, Kassen LJ, Kuskowski MA. The effect of 7-keto naturalean on weight loss: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Curr Therapeutic Res. 2002;63(4):263-272.
    In older adults, what is the acute effect of administration or changes in chemical use of caffeine on resting metabolic rate?
    • Conclusion

      In 10 older (50-67 y), moderate coffee-drinking women (100-300 mg caffeine/d) women, a blunted thermic effect of caffeine response when expressed as an absolute change over 90 minutes after ingesting approximately 240 mg caffeine, on average (caffeine dosed based on fat-free mass) compared to 10 younger (21-31 y) subjects. There was a statistically-significant body fat percent difference between younger and older women (23.5±5.1 vs. 31.9±5.8 %; P<0.05) (Arcerio, 2000).

    • Grade: III
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
    • Evidence Summary: What are the thermic effects of caffeine use?
      • Detail
      • Quality Rating Summary
        For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
      • Worksheets
        • Acheson KJ, Gremaud G, Meirim I, Montigon F, Krebs Y, Fay LB, Gay LJ, Schneiter P, Schnindler C, Tappy L. Metabolic effects of caffeine in humans: Lipid oxidation or futile cycling. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:40-46.[Not used in Conclusion Statement.]
        • Arciero PJ, Bougopoulos BC, Nindt, Benowitz NL. Influence of age on the thermic response to caffeine in women. Metabolism. 2000;49(1):101-107.
        • Arciero, PJ, Gardner AW, Calles-Escandon J, Benowitz NL, Poehlmen ET. Effects of caffeine ingestion on NE kinetics, fat oxidation, and energy expenditure in younger and older men. Am J Physiol 1995;268(6 Pt 1): E1192-1198. (Note:  This appraisal was not considered in conclusion statement.)
        • Bracco D, Ferrarra JM, Arnaud MJ, Jequier E, Shutz Y. Effects of caffeine on energy metabolism, heart rate, and methylxanthine metabolism in lean and obese women. Am J Physiol. 1995;269(Endocrinol. Metab. 32):E671-E678.
        • Collins LC, Cornelius MF, Vogel RL, Walker JF, Stamford BA. Effect of caffeine and/or cigarette smoking on resting energy expenditure. Int J Obesity 1994.
        • Dulloo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D, Giranrdier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J. Efficiency of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:1040-1045. [Use of room respirator with indirect calorimetry and provided TOTAL energy expenditure that is a different outcome than RMR; Not used in Conclusion Statement Grade].
        • Hollister AS, Kearns GL. American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (ASCPT) position statement on the public health risks of ephedra. Clin Pharmacol Therap. 2003;74(5):403-405.
        • Jessen AB, Toburo S, Astrup A. Effect of chewing gum containing nicotine and caffeine on energy expenditure and substrate utilization. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77(6): 1,442-1,447.
        • Koot P, Deurenberg P. Comparison of changes in energy expenditure and body temperatures after caffeine consumption. Ann Nutr Metab 1995;39:135-142.
        • Shekelle P, Hardy M, Morton SC, Maglione M, Suttorp M, Roth E, et al. E[hedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance enhancement: clinical efficacy and side effects. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No.: 76. Publication No.: 03-EO22. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2003.
        • Yoshida T, Sakane N, Umekawa T, Kondo M. Relationship between basal metabolic rate, thermogenic response to caffeine, and body weight loss following combined low calorie and exercise treatment in obese women. Int J Obesity 1994;18:345-350.
        • Zenk JL, Helmer TR, Kassen LJ, Kuskowski MA. The effect of 7-keto naturalean on weight loss: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Curr Therapeutic Res. 2002;63(4):263-272.
    In adult males and adult females, what is the dose-response effect of caffeine?
    • Conclusion

      Available evidence does not permit conclusions on a dose-response effect of caffeine.

    • Grade: V
      • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
      • Grade II is Fair;
      • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
      • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
      • Grade V is Not Assignable.
      • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
      • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
      • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
      • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
      • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
    • Evidence Summary: What are the thermic effects of caffeine use?
      • Detail
      • Quality Rating Summary
        For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
      • Worksheets
        • Acheson KJ, Gremaud G, Meirim I, Montigon F, Krebs Y, Fay LB, Gay LJ, Schneiter P, Schnindler C, Tappy L. Metabolic effects of caffeine in humans: Lipid oxidation or futile cycling. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:40-46.[Not used in Conclusion Statement.]
        • Arciero PJ, Bougopoulos BC, Nindt, Benowitz NL. Influence of age on the thermic response to caffeine in women. Metabolism. 2000;49(1):101-107.
        • Arciero, PJ, Gardner AW, Calles-Escandon J, Benowitz NL, Poehlmen ET. Effects of caffeine ingestion on NE kinetics, fat oxidation, and energy expenditure in younger and older men. Am J Physiol 1995;268(6 Pt 1): E1192-1198. (Note:  This appraisal was not considered in conclusion statement.)
        • Bracco D, Ferrarra JM, Arnaud MJ, Jequier E, Shutz Y. Effects of caffeine on energy metabolism, heart rate, and methylxanthine metabolism in lean and obese women. Am J Physiol. 1995;269(Endocrinol. Metab. 32):E671-E678.
        • Collins LC, Cornelius MF, Vogel RL, Walker JF, Stamford BA. Effect of caffeine and/or cigarette smoking on resting energy expenditure. Int J Obesity 1994.
        • Dulloo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D, Giranrdier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J. Efficiency of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:1040-1045. [Use of room respirator with indirect calorimetry and provided TOTAL energy expenditure that is a different outcome than RMR; Not used in Conclusion Statement Grade].
        • Hollister AS, Kearns GL. American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (ASCPT) position statement on the public health risks of ephedra. Clin Pharmacol Therap. 2003;74(5):403-405.
        • Jessen AB, Toburo S, Astrup A. Effect of chewing gum containing nicotine and caffeine on energy expenditure and substrate utilization. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77(6): 1,442-1,447.
        • Koot P, Deurenberg P. Comparison of changes in energy expenditure and body temperatures after caffeine consumption. Ann Nutr Metab 1995;39:135-142.
        • Shekelle P, Hardy M, Morton SC, Maglione M, Suttorp M, Roth E, et al. E[hedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance enhancement: clinical efficacy and side effects. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No.: 76. Publication No.: 03-EO22. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2003.
        • Yoshida T, Sakane N, Umekawa T, Kondo M. Relationship between basal metabolic rate, thermogenic response to caffeine, and body weight loss following combined low calorie and exercise treatment in obese women. Int J Obesity 1994;18:345-350.
        • Zenk JL, Helmer TR, Kassen LJ, Kuskowski MA. The effect of 7-keto naturalean on weight loss: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Curr Therapeutic Res. 2002;63(4):263-272.
 
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