Pediatric Weight Management

PWM: Foods and Nutrients (2006)

Foods and Nutrients Associated with Pediatric Overweight

• Assessment
  Is intake of 100% fruit juice related to adiposity in children?

  • Conclusion

    Intake of 100% fruit juice is not related to adiposity in children, unless consumed in unusually large quantities.

  • Grade: II
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  • Evidence Summary: Is intake of 100% fruit juice related to adiposity in children?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Alexy U, Sichert-Hellert W, Kersting M, Manz F, Schoch G. Fruit juice consumption and the prevalence of obesity and short stature in German preschool children: results of the DONALD study. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition 1999; 29: 343-249.
      • Ariza AJ, Chen EH, Binns HJ, Christoffel KK. Risk factors for overweight in five- to six-year-old Hispanic-American children:  A pilot study.  J Urban Health 2004;81:150-161.
      • Berkey CS, Rockett HRH, Field AE, Gillman MW, Colditz GA. Sugar-added beverages and adolescent weight change. Obes Res. 2004;12:778-788.
      • Brewis A. Biocultural aspects of obesity in young Mexican schoolchildren. Am J Hum Biol. 2003 May-Jun;15(3):446-60.
      • Dennison BA, Rockwell HL, Baker SL. Excess fruit juice consumption by preschool-aged children is associated with short stature and obesity. Pediatrics, 1997; 99: 15-22.
      • Dennison BA, Rockwell HL, Nichols MJ, Jenkins P. Children’s growth parameters vary by type of fruit juice consumption. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1999; 18: 346-352.
      • Forshee RA, Storey ML. Total beverage consumption and beverage choices among children and adolescents.  Int J Food Sci Nutr 2003;54:297-307.
      • Kloeblen-Tarver AS. Fruit juice consumption not related to growth among preschool-aged children enrolled in the WIC program. J Am Diet Assoc, 2001;101:996.
      • Melgar-Quinonez HR, Kaiser LL. Relationship of child-feeding practices to overweight in low-income Mexican-American preschool-aged children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004 Jul;104(7):1110-9.
      • Newby PK, Peterson KE, Berkey CS, Leppert J, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Beverage consumption is not associated with changes in weight and body mass index among low-income preschool children in North Dakota. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004; 104: 1,086-1,094.
      • Riddick H, Kramer-LeBlanc C, Bowman SA, Davis C. Is fruit juice dangerous for children? U.S. Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. Nutrition Insights, March 1997.
      • Skinner JD, Carruth BR. A longitudinal study of children’s juice intake and growth: the juice controversy revisited. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 2001; 101: 432-437.
      • Skinner JD, Carruth BR, et al. Fruit juice intake is not related to children's growth. Pediatrics, 1999; 103:58-64.
      • Sugimori H, Yoshida K, Izuno T, Miyakawa M, Suka M, Sekine M, Yamagami T, Kagamimori S. Analysis of factors that influence body mass index from ages 3 to 6 years: A study based on the Toyama cohort study. Pediatr Int. 2004 Jun;46(3):302-10.
      • Tanasescu M, Ferris AM, Himmelgreen DA, Rodriguez N, Pérez-Escamilla R. Biobehavioral factors are associated with obesity in Puerto Rican children. J Nutr 2000;130:1734-42.
  • Search Plan and Results: Child Nutrition: Fruit Juice 2004
     
  Is intake of calcium related to adiposity in children?

  • Conclusion
    Research indicates that a low intake of calcium may be associated with increased adiposity.
  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  • Evidence Summary: Is intake of calcium related to adiposity in children?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Carruth BR, Skinner JD. The role of dietary calcium and other nutrient in moderating body fat in preschool children. International Journal of Obesity 2001; 25: 559-566.
      • Carruth BR, Skinner JD. The role of dietary calcium and other nutrient in moderating body fat in preschool children. International Journal of Obesity 2001; 25: 559-566.
      • Fisher JO, Mitchell DC, Smiciklas-Wright H, Mannino ML, Birch LL. Meeting calcium recommendations during middle childhood reflects mother-daughter beverage choices and predicts bone mineral status. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Apr; 79(4): 698-706.
      • Fisher JO, Mitchell DC, Smiciklas-Wright H, Mannino ML, Birch LL. Meeting calcium recommendations during middle childhood reflects mother-daughter beverage choices and predicts bone mineral status. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Apr; 79(4): 698-706.
      • Ortega RM, Requejo AM, Andres P, Lopez-Sobaler AM, Redondo R, Gonzalez-Fernandez M. Relationship between diet composition and body mass index in a group of Spanish adolescents.  Br J Nutr. 1995;74:765-73.
      • Ortega RM, Requejo AM, Andres P, Lopez-Sobaler AM, Redondo R, Gonzalez-Fernandez M. Relationship between diet composition and body mass index in a group of Spanish adolescents.  Br J Nutr. 1995;74:765-73.
      • Phillips SM, Bandini LG, Cyr H, Colclough-Douglas S, Naumova E, Must A. Dairy food consumption and body weight and fatness studied longitudinally over the adolescent period. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 Sep; 27(9): 1,106-1,113.
      • Phillips SM, Bandini LG, Cyr H, Colclough-Douglas S, Naumova E, Must A. Dairy food consumption and body weight and fatness studied longitudinally over the adolescent period. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 Sep; 27(9): 1,106-1,113.
      • Rockett HR, Berkey CS, Field AE, Colditz GA. Cross-sectional measurement of nutrient intake among adolescents in 1996. Prev Med 2001; 33:27-37.
      • Rockett HR, Berkey CS, Field AE, Colditz GA. Cross-sectional measurement of nutrient intake among adolescents in 1996. Prev Med 2001; 33:27-37.
      • Skinner JD, Bounds W, Carruth BR, Ziegler P. Longitudinal calcium intake is negatively related to children's body fat indexes. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003 Dec; 103(12): 1,626-1,631.
      • Skinner JD, Bounds W, Carruth BR, Ziegler P. Longitudinal calcium intake is negatively related to children's body fat indexes. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003 Dec; 103(12): 1,626-1,631.
      • Tanasescu M, Ferris AM, Himmelgreen DA, Rodriguez N, Pérez-Escamilla R. Biobehavioral factors are associated with obesity in Puerto Rican children. J Nutr 2000;130:1734-42.
      • Tanasescu M, Ferris AM, Himmelgreen DA, Rodriguez N, Pérez-Escamilla R. Biobehavioral factors are associated with obesity in Puerto Rican children. J Nutr 2000;130:1734-42.
  • Search Plan and Results: Child Nutrition: Calcium 2005
     
  Is intake of calorically-sweetened beverages related to adiposity in children?

  • Conclusion

    Intake of calorically-sweetened beverages is positively related to adiposity in children. 

  • Grade: II
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  • Evidence Summary: Calorically Sweetened Beverage Intake and Childhood Overweight
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Ariza AJ, Chen EH, Binns HJ, Christoffel KK. Risk factors for overweight in five- to six-year-old Hispanic-American children:  A pilot study.  J Urban Health 2004;81:150-161.
      • Bandini LG, Vu D, Must A, Cyr H, Goldberg A, Dietz WH.  Comparison of high-calorie, low-nutrient-dense food consumption among obese and non-obese adolescents.  Obes Res 1999;7:438-43.
      • Berkey CS, Rockett HRH, Field AE, Gillman MW, Colditz GA. Sugar-added beverages and adolescent weight change. Obes Res. 2004;12:778-788.
      • Brewis A. Biocultural aspects of obesity in young Mexican schoolchildren. Am J Hum Biol. 2003 May-Jun;15(3):446-60.
      • Forshee RA, Storey ML. Total beverage consumption and beverage choices among children and adolescents.  Int J Food Sci Nutr 2003;54:297-307.
      • Giammattei J, Blix G, Marshah HH, Wollitzer AO, Pettitt DJ. Television watching and soft drink consumption: associations with obesity in 11- to 13-year old schoolchildren.  Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003;157:882-886. 
      • Gillis LJ, Bar-Or O. Food away from home, sugar-sweetened drink consumption and juvenile obesity. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Dec;22(6):539-45.
      • James J, Thomas P, Cavan D, Kerr D. Preventing childhood obesity by reducing consumption of carbonated drinks: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2004 May 22;328(7450):1237. Epub 2004 Apr 23.
      • Lin BH, Huang CL, French SA. Factors associated with women's and children's body mass indices by income status. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Apr;28(4):536-42.
      • Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity. Lancet 2001;357:505-8.
      • Mrdjenovic G, Levitsky DA. Nutritional and energetic consequences of sweetened drink consumption in 6- to 13-year-old children.  J Pediatr 2003;142:604-10.
      • Newby PK, Peterson KE, Berkey CS, Leppert J, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Beverage consumption is not associated with changes in weight and body mass index among low-income preschool children in North Dakota. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004; 104: 1,086-1,094.
      • Nicklas TA, Yang SJ, Baranowski T, Zakeri I, Berenson G. Eating patterns and obesity in children. The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Prev Med. 2003 Jul;25(1):9-16.
      • Phillips SM, Bandini LG, Naumova EN, Cyr H, Colclough S, Dietz WH, Must A. Energy-dense snack food intake in adolescence: longitudinal relationship to weight and fatness. Obes Res. 2004;12:461-472.
      • Rockett HR, Berkey CS, Field AE, Colditz GA. Cross-sectional measurement of nutrient intake among adolescents in 1996. Prev Med 2001; 33:27-37.
      • Rodríguez-Artalejo F, García EL, Gorgojo L, Garcés C, Royo MA, Martín Moreno JM, Benavente M, Macías A, De Oya M; On behalf of the investigators of the Four Provinces Study.  Consumption of bakery products, sweetened soft drinks and yogurt among children aged 6-7 years: association with nutrient intake and overall diet quality.  Br J Nutr 2003;89:419-29.
      • Sugimori H, Yoshida K, Izuno T, Miyakawa M, Suka M, Sekine M, Yamagami T, Kagamimori S. Analysis of factors that influence body mass index from ages 3 to 6 years: A study based on the Toyama cohort study. Pediatr Int. 2004 Jun;46(3):302-10.
      • Tanasescu M, Ferris AM, Himmelgreen DA, Rodriguez N, Pérez-Escamilla R. Biobehavioral factors are associated with obesity in Puerto Rican children. J Nutr 2000;130:1734-42.
      • Troiano RP, Briefel RR, Carroll MD, Bialostosky K. Energy and fat intakes of children and adolescents in the United States: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72 (suppl): 1343S-53S.
  • Search Plan and Results: Child Nutrition: Sweetened Beverages 2004
     
  Is intake of dairy related to adiposity in children?

  • Conclusion

    Research indicates that a low intake of dairy may be associated with increased adiposity among children.

  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  • Evidence Summary: Dairy and Childhood Overweight
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Ariza AJ, Chen EH, Binns HJ, Christoffel KK. Risk factors for overweight in five- to six-year-old Hispanic-American children:  A pilot study.  J Urban Health 2004;81:150-161.
      • Berkey CS, Rockett HRH, Field AE, Gillman MW, Colditz GA. Sugar-added beverages and adolescent weight change. Obes Res. 2004;12:778-788.
      • Black RE, Williams SM, Jones IE, Goulding A. Children who avoid drinking cow milk have low dietary calcium intakes and poor bone health.  Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:675-80.
      • Boutelle K, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Resnick M. Weight control behaviors among obese, overweight, and nonoverweight adolescents.  J Pediatr Pscychol 2002;27:531-40.
      • Carruth BR, Skinner JD. The role of dietary calcium and other nutrient in moderating body fat in preschool children. International Journal of Obesity 2001; 25: 559-566.
      • Forshee RA, Storey ML. Total beverage consumption and beverage choices among children and adolescents.  Int J Food Sci Nutr 2003;54:297-307.
      • Gillis LJ, Bar-Or O. Food away from home, sugar-sweetened drink consumption and juvenile obesity. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Dec;22(6):539-45.
      • Newby PK, Peterson KE, Berkey CS, Leppert J, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Beverage consumption is not associated with changes in weight and body mass index among low-income preschool children in North Dakota. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004; 104: 1,086-1,094.
      • Nicklas TA, Yang SJ, Baranowski T, Zakeri I, Berenson G. Eating patterns and obesity in children. The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Prev Med. 2003 Jul;25(1):9-16.
      • Ortega RM, Requejo AM, Andres P, Lopez-Sobaler AM, Redondo R, Gonzalez-Fernandez M. Relationship between diet composition and body mass index in a group of Spanish adolescents.  Br J Nutr. 1995;74:765-73.
      • Phillips SM, Bandini LG, Cyr H, Colclough-Douglas S, Naumova E, Must A. Dairy food consumption and body weight and fatness studied longitudinally over the adolescent period. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 Sep; 27(9): 1,106-1,113.
      • Rockett HR, Berkey CS, Field AE, Colditz GA. Cross-sectional measurement of nutrient intake among adolescents in 1996. Prev Med 2001; 33:27-37.
      • Rodríguez-Artalejo F, García EL, Gorgojo L, Garcés C, Royo MA, Martín Moreno JM, Benavente M, Macías A, De Oya M; On behalf of the investigators of the Four Provinces Study.  Consumption of bakery products, sweetened soft drinks and yogurt among children aged 6-7 years: association with nutrient intake and overall diet quality.  Br J Nutr 2003;89:419-29.
      • Sugimori H, Yoshida K, Izuno T, Miyakawa M, Suka M, Sekine M, Yamagami T, Kagamimori S. Analysis of factors that influence body mass index from ages 3 to 6 years: A study based on the Toyama cohort study. Pediatr Int. 2004 Jun;46(3):302-10.
      • Tanasescu M, Ferris AM, Himmelgreen DA, Rodriguez N, Pérez-Escamilla R. Biobehavioral factors are associated with obesity in Puerto Rican children. J Nutr 2000;130:1734-42.
  • Search Plan and Results: Child Nutrition: Dairy 2005
     
  Is intake of dietary fat associated with adiposity in youth?

  • Conclusion

    Dietary fat intake is associated with higher adiposity in youth.

  • Grade: II
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  • Evidence Summary: Is intake of dietary fat associated with adiposity in youth?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Alexy U, Sichert-Hellert W, Kersting M, Manz F, Schoch G. Fruit juice consumption and the prevalence of obesity and short stature in German preschool children: results of the DONALD study. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition 1999; 29: 343-249.
      • Atkin Lisa-Marie, Davies PS. Diet composition and body composition in preschool children. Am J Clin Nut 2000; 72: 15-21.
      • Bandini LG, Vu D, Must A, Cyr H, Goldberg A, Dietz WH.  Comparison of high-calorie, low-nutrient-dense food consumption among obese and non-obese adolescents.  Obes Res 1999;7:438-43.
      • Bao W, Nicklas TA, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Body composition and energy and nutritional intake in children. Journal of Advancement in Medicine 1996; 9: 101-112.
      • Berkey CS, Rockett HRH, Field AE, Gillman MW, Frazier AL, Camargo CA, Colditz GA. Activity, dietary intake, and weight changes in a longitudinal study of preadolescent and adolescent boys and girls. Pediatrics 2000; 105: 1-9.
      • Boulton TJC & Magarey AM. Effects of differences in dietary fat on growth, energy and nutrient intake from infancy to eight years of age. Acta Paediatrica 1995; 84: 146-50. Adelaide Nutrition Study.
      • Carruth BR, Skinner JD. The role of dietary calcium and other nutrient in moderating body fat in preschool children. International Journal of Obesity 2001; 25: 559-566.
      • Davies PSW. Diet composition and body mass index in pre-school children. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997; 51: 443-448.
      • Davison KK, Birch LL. Child and parent characteristics as predictors of change in girls’ body mass index. Int J Obes 2001; 25: 1,834-1,842.
      • Dennison BA, Rockwell HL, Baker SL. Excess fruit juice consumption by preschool-aged children is associated with short stature and obesity. Pediatrics, 1997; 99: 15-22.
      • Eck LH, Klesges RC, et al. Children at familial risk for obesity: an examination of dietary intake, physical activity and weight status. International Journal of Obesity 1992: 16: 71-78.
      • Fisher JO and Birch LL. Fat preferences and fat consumption of 3- to 5- y-old children are related to parental adiposity. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995; 95: 759-764.
      • Francis CC, Bope AA, MaWhinney, Czaijka-Marins D, Alford BB. Body composition, dietary intake, and energy expenditure in nonobese, prepubertal children of obese and nonobese biological mothers. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1999; 99: 58-66.
      • Francis LA, Lee Y, Birch LL. Parental weight status and girls' television viewing, snacking, and body mass indexes.  Obes Res 2003;11:143-51.
      • Garaulet M, Martinez A, Victoria F, Perez-Llamas F, Ortega RM, Zamora S. Differences in dietary intake and activity level between normal-weight and overweight or obese adolescents. JPGN 2000; 30: 253-258.
      • Gazzaniga JM & Burns TL. Relationship between diet composition and body fatness, with adjustment for resting energy expenditure and physical activity, in preadolescent children. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 58: 21-8.
      • Gillis LJ, Bar-Or O. Food away from home, sugar-sweetened drink consumption and juvenile obesity. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Dec;22(6):539-45.
      • Gillis LJ, Kennedy LC, Gills AM, Bar-Or O. Relationship between juvenile obesity, dietary energy and fat intake and physical activity. International Journal of Obesity 2002; 26: 458-463.
      • Guillaume M, Lapidus L, Lambert A. Obesity and nutrition in children. The Belgian Luxembourg Child Study IV. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998; 52: 323-328.
      • Hanley AJG, Harris SB, Gittelsohn J, Wolever TMS, Saksvig B, Zinman B. Overweight among children and adolescents in a Native Canadian community: prevalence and associated factors. Am J Clin Nutr, 2000; 71: 693-700.
      • Klesges RC, Klesges LM, Eck LH, Shelton ML. A longitudinal analysis of accelerated weight gain in preschool children. Pediatrics 1995; 95: 126-130.
      • Koivisto U, Fellenius J, Sjoden. Relations between parental mealtime practices and children’s food intake. Appetite 1994; 22: 245-258.
      • Lee Y, Mitchell DC, Smickiklas-Wright H, Birch LL. Diet quality, nutrient intake, weight status, and feeding environments of girls meeting or exceeding recommendations for total dietary fat of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatrics 2001; 107: e95.
      • Lluch A, Herbeth B, Mejean L, Siest G. Dietary intakes, eating style and overweight in the Stanislas Family Study. International Journal of Obesity 2000; 24: 1493-1499.
      • Maffeis C, Pinelli L, Schutz Y. Fat intake and adiposity in 8 to 11-y-old obese children. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996; 20: 170-174.
      • Maffeis C, Provera S, Filippi L, Sidoti G, Schena S, Pinelli L, Tatò L. Distribution of food intake as a risk factor for childhood obesity.  Int J Obes 2000;24:75-80.
      • Maffeis C, Talamini G, Tato L. Influence of diet, physical activity and parents’ obesity on children’s adiposity: A four-year longitudinal study. Int J Obes. 1998; 22: 758-764.
      • Magarey AM, Daniels LA, Boulton TJC, Cockington RA. Does fat intake predict adiposity in healthy children and adolescents aged 2-15 y? A longitudinal analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55: 471-481.
      • Manos TM, Gutin B, Rhodes T, Spandorfer PR, Jackson LW, Litaker MS. Energy expenditure and intake in obese and non-obese African American girls. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 699: 275-277.
      • McGloin AF, Livingstone MBE, Greene LC, Webb SE, Gibson JMA, Jebb SA, Cole TJ, Coward WA, Wright A, Prentice AM. Energy and fat intake in obese and lean children at varying risk of obesity. International Journal of Obesity. 2002; 26: 200-207. 
      • Muecke L, Simons-Morton B, Wei Huang I, Parcel G. Is childhood obesity associated with high-fat foods and low physical activity? J Sch Health 1992; 19-23.
      • Nguyen VT, Larson DE, Johnson RK, Goran M. Fat intake and adiposity in children of lean and obese parents. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63: 507-13.
      • Obarzanek E, Schreiber GB, et al. Energy intake and physical activity in relation to indexes of body fat: National heart, lung, and blood institute growth and health study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994; 60: 15-22.
      • Ortega RM, Requejo AM, Andres P, Lopez-Sobaler AM, Redondo R, Gonzalez-Fernandez M. Relationship between diet composition and body mass index in a group of Spanish adolescents.  Br J Nutr. 1995;74:765-73.
      • Ricketts CD. Fat preferences, dietary intake and body composition in children. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997; 51: 778-781.
      • Robertson SM, Cullen KW, Baranowski J, Baranowski T, Hu S, de Moor C. Factors related to adiposity among children aged 3 to 7 years. J Am Diet Assoc 1999; 99: 938-943.
      • Rocandio AM, Ansotegui L, Arroyo M. Comparison of dietary intake among overweight and non-overweight school children. International Journal of Obesity 2001; 25: 1,651-1,655.
      • Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Garces C, Gorgojo L, Lopez Garcia E, Martin-Moreno JM, Benavente M, del Barrio JL, Rubio R, Ortega H, Fernandez O, de Oya M. Dietary patterns among children aged 6-7 y in four Spanish cities with widely differing cardiovascular mortality. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002; 56: 141-149.
      • Rolland-Cachera MF, Deheeger M, Akrout M, Bellisle F. Influence of macronutrients on adiposity development: a follow up study of nutrition and growth from 10 months to 8 years of age. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995; 19: 573-578.
      • Scaglioni S, Agostoni C, De Notaris R, Radaelli G, Radice N, Valenti M, Giovannini M, Riva E. Early macronutrient intake and overweight at five years of age. Int J Obes. 2000; 24: 777-781.
      • Shea S, Basch CE, Stein AD, Contento IR, Irigoyen M, Zybert P. Is there a relationship between dietary fat and stature or growth in children three to five years of age? Pediatrics. 1993; 92: 579-586. Columbia University Study of Childhood Activity and Nutrition.
      • Skinner JD, Bounds W, Carruth BR, Ziegler P. Longitudinal calcium intake is negatively related to children's body fat indexes. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003 Dec; 103(12): 1,626-1,631.
      • Skinner JD, Bounds W, Carruth BR, Morris M, Ziegler P. Predictors of children's body mass index: A longitudinal study of diet and growth in children aged two to eight years. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Apr; 28(4): 476-482.
      • Stewart KJ, Seemans C, McFarland LD, Weinhofer JJ, Brown CS. Dietary fat and cholesterol intake in young children compared with recommended levels. J Cardiopulmonary Rehabil 1999; 19: 112-117.
      • Storey ML, Forshee RA, Weaver AR, Sansalone WR. Demographic and lifestyle factors associated with body mass index among children and adolescents. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2003; 54: 491-503.
      • Troiano RP, Briefel RR, Carroll MD, Bialostosky K. Energy and fat intakes of children and adolescents in the United States: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72 (suppl): 1343S-53S.
      • Tucker LA, Seljaas GT, Hager R. Body fat percentage of children varies according to their diet composition. J Am Diet Assoc 1997; 97: 981-6.
      • Wang Y, Ge K, Popkin BM. Why do some overweight children remain overweight, whereas others do not? Public Health Nutr. 2003 Sep;6(6):549-58.
      • Wardle J, Guthrie C, Sanderson S, Birch L, Plomin R. Food and activity preferences in children of lean and obese parents. Int J Obes 2001; 25: 971-7.
  • Search Plan and Results: Child Nutrition: Dietary Fat (association) 2003
     
  Is intake of fruits and vegetables related to adiposity in children?

  • Conclusion

    Intake of fruits and vegetables is inversely related to adiposity in children.

  • Grade: II
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  • Evidence Summary: Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Childhood Overweight
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Bandini LG, Vu D, Must A, Cyr H, Goldberg A, Dietz WH.  Comparison of high-calorie, low-nutrient-dense food consumption among obese and non-obese adolescents.  Obes Res 1999;7:438-43.
      • Boutelle K, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Resnick M. Weight control behaviors among obese, overweight, and nonoverweight adolescents.  J Pediatr Pscychol 2002;27:531-40.
      • Brewis A. Biocultural aspects of obesity in young Mexican schoolchildren. Am J Hum Biol. 2003 May-Jun;15(3):446-60.
      • Gillis LJ, Bar-Or O. Food away from home, sugar-sweetened drink consumption and juvenile obesity. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Dec;22(6):539-45.
      • Hanley AJG, Harris SB, Gittelsohn J, Wolever TMS, Saksvig B, Zinman B. Overweight among children and adolescents in a Native Canadian community: prevalence and associated factors. Am J Clin Nutr, 2000; 71: 693-700.
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      • Lin BH, Huang CL, French SA. Factors associated with women's and children's body mass indices by income status. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Apr;28(4):536-42.
      • Lin BH, Morrison RM. Higher fruit consumption linked with lower body mass index. Food Review, 2002;25:28-32.
      • Melgar-Quinonez HR, Kaiser LL. Relationship of child-feeding practices to overweight in low-income Mexican-American preschool-aged children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004 Jul;104(7):1110-9.
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      • Newby PK, Peterson KE, Berkey CS, Leppert J, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Dietary composition and weight change among low-income preschool children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. August 2003; 157 (8): 759-64.
      • Newby PK, Peterson KE, Berkey CS, Leppert J, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Beverage consumption is not associated with changes in weight and body mass index among low-income preschool children in North Dakota. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004; 104: 1,086-1,094.
      • Nicklas TA, Morales M, Linares A, Yang SJ, Baranowski T, De Moor C, Berenson G. Children's meal patterns have changed over a 21-year period: the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004; 104(5): 753-61
      • Ortega RM, Requejo AM, Andres P, Lopez-Sobaler AM, Redondo R, Gonzalez-Fernandez M. Relationship between diet composition and body mass index in a group of Spanish adolescents.  Br J Nutr. 1995;74:765-73.
      • Rockett HR, Berkey CS, Field AE, Colditz GA. Cross-sectional measurement of nutrient intake among adolescents in 1996. Prev Med 2001; 33:27-37.
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      • Tanasescu M, Ferris AM, Himmelgreen DA, Rodriguez N, Pérez-Escamilla R. Biobehavioral factors are associated with obesity in Puerto Rican children. J Nutr 2000;130:1734-42.
      • Wang Y, Ge K, Popkin BM. Why do some overweight children remain overweight, whereas others do not? Public Health Nutr. 2003 Sep;6(6):549-58.
  • Search Plan and Results: Child Nutrition: Fruits and Vegetables 2004
     
  Is total energy (caloric) intake associated with higher risk or prevalence of overweight among children?

  • Conclusion

    Total energy (caloric) intake measured using current dietary assessment tools, which may not accurately assess total energy intake does not appear to have a strong association with overweight in children.

  • Grade: II
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  • Evidence Summary: Total Energy Intake and Childhood Overweight
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
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      • Tanasescu M, Ferris AM, Himmelgreen DA, Rodriguez N, Pérez-Escamilla R. Biobehavioral factors are associated with obesity in Puerto Rican children. J Nutr 2000;130:1734-42.
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  • Search Plan and Results: Child Nutrition: Calorie Intake (association) 2004