Nutrition Intervention
CKD: Dietary Phosphorus Amount
In adults with CKD 3-5D, we recommend adjusting dietary phosphorus intake to maintain serum phosphate levels in the normal range (1B).
CKD: Dietary Phosphorus Source
In adults with CKD 1-5D or posttransplantation, it is reasonable when making decisions about phosphorus restriction treatment to consider the bioavailability of phosphorus sources (e.g. animal, vegetable, additives) (OPINION).
CKD: Phosphorus Intake with Hypophosphatemia
For posttransplantation adults with hypophosphatemia, it is reasonable to consider prescribing high-phosphorus intake (diet or supplements) in order to replete serum phosphate (OPINION).
CKD: Sodium Intake and Blood Pressure, CKD 3-5, Non-Dialyzed
In adults with CKD 3-5 not on dialysis, we recommend limiting sodium intake to less than 100 mmol/day (or <2.3 g/day) to reduce blood pressure and improve volume control (1B).
CKD: Sodium Intake and Blood Pressure, CKD 5D and Post-Transplant
In adults with CKD 5D or posttransplantation, we recommend limiting sodium intake to less than 100 mmol/day (or <2.3 g/day) to reduce blood pressure and improve volume control (1C).
CKD: Sodium Intake and Proteinuria
In adults with CKD 3-5, we suggest limiting sodium intake to less than 100 mmol/day (or <2.3 g/day) to reduce proteinuria synergistically with available pharmacological intervention (2A).
CKD: Sodium Intake and Dry Body Weight
In adults with CKD 3-5D, we suggest reduced dietary sodium intake as an adjunctive lifestyle modification strategy to achieve better volume control and a more desirable body weight (2B).
CKD: Dietary Potassium Amount
In adults with CKD 3-5D or posttransplantation, it is reasonable to adjust dietary potassium intake to maintain serum potassium within the normal range (OPINION).
CKD: Dietary and Supplemental Potassium Intake for Hyperkalemia or Hypokalemia, CKD Post-Transplant
In adults with CKD posttransplantation with either hyperkalemia or hypokalemia, we suggest that dietary or supplemental potassium intake be based on patient's individual needs and clinician judgement (OPINION).
CKD: Dietary and Supplemental Potassium Intake for Hyperkalemia or Hypokalemia, CKD 3-5D
In adults with CKD 3-5D with either hyperkalemia or hypokalemia, we suggest that dietary or supplemental potassium intake be based on a patient’s individual needs and clinician judgment (2D).
CKD: Dietary Management of Net Acid Production (NEAP)
In adults with CKD 1-4, we suggest reducing net acid production (NEAP) through increased dietary intake of fruits and vegetables (2C) in order to reduce the rate of decline of residual kidney function.
CKD: Bicarbonate Supplementation
In adults with CKD 3-5D, we recommend reducing net acid production (NEAP) through increased bicarbonate or a citric acid/sodium citrate solution supplementation (1C) in order to reduce the rate of decline of residual kidney function.
CKD: Bicarbonate Maintenance
In adults with CKD 3-5D, it is reasonable to maintain serum bicarbonate levels at 24-26 mmol/L (OPINION).
CKD: Total Calcium Intake, CKD 3-4
In adults with CKD 3-4 not taking active Vitamin D analogs, we suggest that a total elemental calcium intake of 800-1,000 mg/d (including dietary calcium, calcium supplementation and calcium-based phosphate binders) be prescribed to maintain a neutral calcium balance (2B).
CKD: Total Calcium Intake, CKD 5D
In adults with CKD 5D, it is reasonable to adjust calcium intake (dietary calcium, calcium supplements or calcium-based binders) with consideration of concurrent use of vitamin D analogs and calcimimetics in order to avoid hypercalcemia or calcium overload (OPINION).
