DLM-SF: Reduction and Replacement of Saturated Fat Intake and Blood Lipids Summary Table (2021)
The following tables are a visual representation of evidence from an overview of systematic reviews. Table 1 includes evidence on the effect of reduction and replacement of saturated fat intake on blood lipids. Table 2 includes evidence on the association of the replacement of saturated fat intake with polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, carbohydrates or protein with morbidities and mortality. Additional information can be found on the Replacement of Saturated Fat Systematic Review page.
Table 1. Reduction and Replacement of Saturated Fat Intake with Polyunsaturated Fat, Monounsaturated Fat, or Carbohydrate and Impact on Blood Lipids Evidence Summary Table
| Systematic Review | Outcomes [(mean difference-mmol/L) or % reduction*, 95% CI] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total SFA Intake | TC | LDL-C | HDL-C | TG |
| Reduction vs. Usual diet: Hooper et al 2020* | -0.24 (-0.36, -0.13) | -0.19 (-0.33, -0.05) | - 0.01 (-0.02, 0.01) | -0.08 (-0.21, 0.04) |
| Reduction: Harcombe et al 2015* | -12.6% (6.7%) vs -6.5% (5.1%) (p<.05) |
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| Replacement-PUFA: Mensink 2016* | -0.064 (-0.070, -0.058) | -0.055 (-0.061, -0.050) | -0.05 (-0.006, -0.003) | -0.010 (-0.014, -0.007) |
| Replacement-PUFA: Hooper et al 2020* | -0.28 (-0.37, -0.19) | Not estimable | -0.01 (-0.04, 0.02) | -0.16 (-0.30, -0.01) |
| Replacement-PUFA: Ramsden et al 2016*+ | -13.8% vs -1.0% (p<0.001) | |||
| Replacement-MUFA: Mensink 2016* | -0.046 (-0.051, -0.040) | -0.042 (-0.047, -0037) | -0.002 (-0.004, -0.000) | -0.004 (-0.007, -0.001) |
| Replacement-MUFA: Hooper et al 2020* | 0.30 (-0.93, 153) | Not estimable | Not estimable | Not estimable |
| Replacement-CHO: Mensink 2016* | -0.041 (-0.047, -0.035) | - 0.033 (-0.039, -0.027) | -0.010 (-0.012, -0.008) | 0.011 (0.007, 0.014) |
| Replacement-CHO: Hooper et al 2020* | -0.19 (-0.40,0.01) | -0.16 (-0.35, 0.02) | -0.01 (-0.03, 0.00) | -0.04 (-0.32, 0.25) |
| L=liter; CI=confidence interval; TC=total cholesterol; LDL-C=low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C=high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG=triglycerides; PUFA=polyunsaturated fatty acids; MUFA=monounsaturated fatty acids; CHO=carbohydrates; vs (versus) | ||||
| Blue=not significant; Green=improved; Grey=not reported *Certainty of evidence not available due to inability to access analysis / +Percent reduction in saturated fat group compared to replacement nutrient |
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Table 2. Replacement of Saturated Fat Intake with Polyunsaturated Fat, Carbohydrates or Protein and Association with Morbidities and Mortality Evidence Summary Table
| Systematic Review | Outcomes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Replacement of SFA with: | All-cause mortality Relative Risk, 95%CI | CVD mortality Relative Risk, 95% CI | CVD events Relative Risk, 95%CI |
CHD mortality Relative Risk, |
CHD events, Relative Risk, 95% CI | Cerebral vascular accident Relative Risk, 95% CI | |
| PUFA | Hooper et al 2020* | 0.97 (0.82, 1.14) | 0.97 (0.73, 1.28) | 0.73 (0.58, 0.92) | 0.98 (0.74, 1.28) | 0.79 (0.60, 1.04) | 0.92 (0.31, 2.69) |
| Hamley 2017* (adequately controlled analysis) | 1.07 (0.90, 1.26) | NR | NR | 1.13 (0.91, 1.40) | 1.02 (0.84, 1.23) | NR | |
| Ramsden et al 2016* | 1.07 (0.90,127) | NR | NR | 1.13 (0.83, 1.54) | NR | NR | |
| MUFA | Hooper et al 2020* | 3.00 (0.33, 26.99) | 3.00 (0.33, 26.99) | 1.00 (0.53,1.89) | 3.99 (0.33, 26.99) | 1.50 (0.62, 3.61) | Not estimable |
| CHO | Hooper et al 2020* | 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) | 0.78 (0.42, 1.46) | 0.84 (0.67, 1.06) | 0.99 (0.82, 1.20) | 0.82 (0.39, 1.72) | 0.73 (0.29,1.87 |
| Protein | Hooper et al 2020* | Not estimable | Not estimable | Not estimable | Not estimable | Not estimable | Not estimable |
| SFA=saturated fatty acid; PUFA=polyunsaturated fatty acid; MUFA=monounsaturated fatty acid; CHO=carbohydrate; CVD=cardiovascular disease; CHA=coronary heart disease |
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| NR=not report; Blue=no effect; Green=decreased; Grey=not reported / *Certainty of evidence ot available due to inability to access analysis | |||||||