CRDA: Effect Size Table: Results of Sub-Group Analysis for Adults with T2DM (2023)
Effect Size Table: Results of subgroup analysis of CHO restrictive intervention according to energy restriction, amount of CHO restriction, intervention duration and study quality. [mean difference 95% CI) (View table in PDF)
| Green=Statistically significant | Blue=Not significant |
| Outcome or Subgroup Title | # Studies | # Participants | Effect Size |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.0 Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) | 6 | 534 | -5.83 [-12.25, 0.58] |
| 1.1 FBG by diet: LCD vs. MCD | 1 | 85 | -17.19 [-37.35, 2.97] |
| 1.2 FBG by diet: MCD vs. HCD | 5 | 449 | -4.91 [-11.6, 1.79] |
| 1.3 FBG by OW/OB target: Yes | 4 | 400 | -4.10 [-11.56, 3.36] |
| 1.4 FBG by OW/OB target: No | 2 | 134 | -12.47 [-24.16, -0.78] |
| 1.5 FBG by intervention duration: ≥12 months | 3 | 345 | -6.44 [-18.95, 6.08] |
| 1.6 FBG by intervention duration: <12 months | 3 | 189 | -6.62 [-10.16, -3.08] |
| # Studies | # Participants | Effect Size | |
| 2.0 Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | 8 | 657 | -0.34 [-0.58, -0.10] |
| 2.1 HbA1c by diet: LCD vs. MCD | 1 | 85 | -0.62 [-1.13, -0.11] |
| 2.2 HbA1c by diet: MCD vs. HCD | 7 | 572 | -0.30 [-0.56, -0.05] |
| 2.3 HbA1c by OW/OB target: Yes | 5 | 462 | -0.3 [-0.6, -0.01] |
| 2.4 HbA1c by OW/OB target: No | 3 | 195 | -0.48 [-0.84, -0.11] |
| 2.5 HbA1c by intervention duration: ≥12 months | 4 | 406 | -0.29 [-0.62, 0.04] |
| 2.6 HbA1c by intervention duration: <12 months | 4 | 251 | -0.40 [-0.78, -0.03] |
| # Studies | # Participants | Effect Size | |
| 3.0 Body Weight (BW) | 6 | 529 | -0.81 [-1.28, -0.34] |
| 3.1 BW by diet: LCD vs. MCD | 1 | 85 | -2.05 [-9.89, 5.79] |
| 3.2 BW by diet: MCD vs. HCD | 5 | 444 | -0.81 [-1.28, -0.34) |
| 3.3 BW by OW/OB target: Yes | 4 | 383 | -0.95 [-1.65, -0.26] |
| 3.4 BW by OW/OB target: No | 2 | 146 | -1.10 [-7.97, 5.76] |
| # Studies | # Participants | Effect Size | |
| 4.0 Body Mass Index (BMI) | 7 | 578 | -0.35 [-0.51, -0.19] |
| 4.1 BMI by OW/OB target: Yes | 4 | 383 | -0.35 [-0.51, -0.20] |
| 4.2 BMI by OW/OB target: No | 3 | 195 | -0.17 [-1.82, 1.49] |
| 4.3 BMI by diet: LCD vs. MCD | 1 | 85 | -0.71 [-3.08, 1.66] |
| 4.4 BMI by diet: MCD vs. HCD | 6 | 493 | -0.35 [-0.51, -0.19] |
| # Studies | # Participants | Effect Size | |
| 5.0. Waist Circumference (WC) | 5 | 487 | -0.75 [-1.25, -0.25] |
| 5.1. WC by OW/OB target: Yes | 3 | 341 | -0.73 [-1.23, -0.23] |
| 5.1. WC by OW/OB target: No | 2 | 146 | -2.41 [-7.35, 2.56] |
| 5.2. WC by diet: LCD vs. MCD | 1 | 85 | -3.80 [-9.50, 1.90] |
| 5.2. WC by diet: MCD vs. HCD | 4 | 402 | -0.73 [-1.23, -0.22] |
| # Studies | # Participants | Effect Size | |
| 6.0 Lean Body Mass/Fat-Free Mass (LB/FFM) | 2 | 106 | 0.12 [-0.26, 0.5] |
| # Studies | # Participants | Effect Size | |
| 7.0 Fat Mass (FM) | 3 | 191 | -0.16 (-0.45, 0.12] |
| # Studies | # Participants | Effect Size | |
| 8.0 Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) | 5 | 487 | -0.36 [-7.09, 6.37] |
| 8.1 SBP by diet: LCD vs. MCD | 1 | 85 | -9.88 [-16.82, -2.94] |
| 8.2 SBP by MCD vs. HCD | 4 | 402 | 1.79 [-5.70, 9.27] |
| 8.3 SBP by OW/OB target: Yes | 3 | 341 | 1.73 [-6.73, 10.19] |
| 8.4 SBP by OW/OB target: No | 2 | 146 | -4.39 [-16.00, 7.22] |
| # Studies | # Participants | ||
| 9.0 Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) | 6 | 532 | 0.99 [-4.20, 6.17] |
| 9.1 DBP by diet: LCD vs. MCD | 1 | 85 | -1.42 [-7.03, 4.19] |
| 9.2 DBP by diet: MCD vs. HCD | 5 | 447 | 1.62 [-4.31, 7.55] |
| 9.3 DBP by OW/OB target: Yes | 4 | 386 | 1.49 [-5.38, 8.36] |
| 9.4 DBP by OW/OB target: No | 2 | 146 | -0.07 [-4.44, -4.30] |
| # Studies | # Participants | Effect Size | |
| 10.0 Total cholesterol (TC) | 6 | 536 | -9.25 [-15.98, -2.53] |
| 10.1 TC by diet: LCD vs. MCD | 1 | 85 | -0.31 [-19.54, 18.92] |
| 10.2 TC by diet: MCD vs. HCD | 5 | 451 | -10.17 [-17.37, -2.97] |
| 10.3 TC by OW/OB target: Yes | 3 | 341 | -9.96 [-17.91, -2.00] |
| 10.4 TC by OW/OB target: No | 3 | 195 | -6.03 [-19.86, 7.79] |
| # Studies | # Participants | Effect Size | |
| 11.0 LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) | 5 | 319 | -8.18 [-11.19, -5.18] |
| 11.1 LDL-C by diet: LCD vs. MCD | 1 | 85 | 1.10 [-14.97, 17.17] |
| 11.2 LDL-C by diet: MCD vs. HCD | 4 | 234 | -8.52 [-11.58, -5.46] |
| 11.3 LDL-C by OW/OB target: Yes | 3 | 173 | -8.61 [-11.7, -5.52] |
| 11.4 LDL-C by OW/OB target: No | 2 | 146 | -0.62 [-13.62, 12.37] |
| # Studies | # Participants | Effect Size | |
| 12.0 HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C) | 6 | 520 | 0.65 [-2.90, 4.20] |
| 12.1 HDL-C by diet: LCD vs. MCD | 1 | 85 | 2.00 [-4.23, 8.23] |
| 12.2 HDL-C by diet: MCD vs. HCD | 5 | 435 | 0.45 [-3.40, 4.30] |
| 12.3 HDL-C by OW/OB target: Yes | 4 | 374 | 0.36 [-3.75, 4.47] |
| 12.4 HDL-C by OW/OB target: No | 2 | 146 | 1.71 [-3.34, 6.77] |
| # Studies | # Participants | Effect Size | |
| 13.0 Triglycerides (TG) | 6 | 549 | -17.62 [-29.91, -5.34] |
| 13.1 TG by diet: LCD vs. MCD | 1 | 85 | -13.59 [-74.76, 47.58] |
| 13.2 TG by diet: MCD vs. HCD | 5 | 464 | -17.76 [-30.68, -4.84] |
| 13.3 TG by OW/OB target: Yes | 4 | 403 | -17.74 [-31.31, -4.18] |
| 13.4 TG by OW/OB target: No | 2 | 146 | -15.59 [-59.61, 28.44] |
| # Studies | # Participants | Effect Size | |
| 14.0 Quality of Life | |||
| 14.1 Quality of life (physical) | 2 | 98 | 0.80 [-0.16, 1.75] |
| 14.2 Quality of life (mental) | 2 | 09 | -0.82 [-2.09, 0.45] |
| # Studies | # Participants | Effect Size | |
| 15.0 C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | 4 | 400 | -0.00 [-0.20, 0.19] |
| 16.0 Adverse Events | 2 | 123 | NA |
Abbreviations: HCD=high carbohydrate diet; LCD=low carbohydrate diet; MCD=moderate carbohydrate diet; NS=not significant; OB=obese; OW=overweight