DLM-SF: Dairy Comparisons (2021)

DLM-SF: Dairy Comparisons (2021)

• Intervention
  In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated fat from butter on total and LDL cholesterol?

  • Conclusion

    In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, saturated fat from cheese likely lowers total and LDL cholesterol compared to saturated fat from butter, based on limited evidence.

  • Grade: Very Low (D)
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated fat from butter on total and LDL-cholesterol?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Brassard D, Arsenault B, Boyer M, Bernic D, Tessier-Grenier M, Talbot D, Tremblay A, Levy E, Asztalos B, Jones P, Couture P, Lamarche B. Saturated fats from butter but not from cheese increase HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity from J774 macrophages in men and women with abdominal obesity. Journal of Nutrition 2018; 148:573-580
      • Feeney E, Barron R, Dible V, Hamilton Z, Power Y, Tanner L, Flynn C, Bouchier P, Beresford T, Noronha N, Gibney E. Dairy matrix effects: response to consumption of dairy fat differs when eaten within the cheese matrix-a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018; 108:667-674
      • Hjerpsted J, Leedo E, Tholstrup T. Cheese intake in large amounts lowers LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with butter intake of equal fat content. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011; 94:1479-1484
  • Search Plan and Results: DLM-SF: Source of Saturated Fat (RCTs) (2021)
     
  In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated fat from butter on HDL cholesterol?

  • Conclusion

    In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, it is unclear if saturated fat from cheese affects HDL cholesterol differently than saturated fat from butter.     

  • Grade: Very Low (D)
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated fat from butter on HDL cholesterol?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Brassard D, Arsenault B, Boyer M, Bernic D, Tessier-Grenier M, Talbot D, Tremblay A, Levy E, Asztalos B, Jones P, Couture P, Lamarche B. Saturated fats from butter but not from cheese increase HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity from J774 macrophages in men and women with abdominal obesity. Journal of Nutrition 2018; 148:573-580
      • Feeney E, Barron R, Dible V, Hamilton Z, Power Y, Tanner L, Flynn C, Bouchier P, Beresford T, Noronha N, Gibney E. Dairy matrix effects: response to consumption of dairy fat differs when eaten within the cheese matrix-a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018; 108:667-674
      • Hjerpsted J, Leedo E, Tholstrup T. Cheese intake in large amounts lowers LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with butter intake of equal fat content. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011; 94:1479-1484
  • Search Plan and Results: DLM-SF: Source of Saturated Fat (RCTs) (2021)
     
  In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated fat from butter on fasting insulin and glucose?

  • Conclusion

    In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated fat from butter likely has minimal effects on fasting insulin or glucose, based on limited evidence.

  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated fat from butter on fasting insulin and glucose?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Feeney E, Barron R, Dible V, Hamilton Z, Power Y, Tanner L, Flynn C, Bouchier P, Beresford T, Noronha N, Gibney E. Dairy matrix effects: response to consumption of dairy fat differs when eaten within the cheese matrix-a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018; 108:667-674
      • Hjerpsted J, Leedo E, Tholstrup T. Cheese intake in large amounts lowers LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with butter intake of equal fat content. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011; 94:1479-1484
  • Search Plan and Results: DLM-SF: Source of Saturated Fat (RCTs) (2021)
     
  In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated fat from butter on inflammation?

  • Conclusion

    In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated fat from butter has minimal effect on inflammatory markers, based on limited evidence.   

  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated fat from butter on inflammation?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Feeney E, Barron R, Dible V, Hamilton Z, Power Y, Tanner L, Flynn C, Bouchier P, Beresford T, Noronha N, Gibney E. Dairy matrix effects: response to consumption of dairy fat differs when eaten within the cheese matrix-a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018; 108:667-674
      • Nestel P, Chronopulos A, Cehun M. Dairy fat in cheese raises LDL cholesterol less than that in butter in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012; 59:1059-1063
  • Search Plan and Results: DLM-SF: Source of Saturated Fat (RCTs) (2021)
     
  In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated fat from butter on blood pressure?

  • Conclusion

    In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated fat from butter likely has minimal effect on blood pressure, based on limited evidence.

  • Grade: Low (C)
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated fat from butter on blood pressure?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Feeney E, Barron R, Dible V, Hamilton Z, Power Y, Tanner L, Flynn C, Bouchier P, Beresford T, Noronha N, Gibney E. Dairy matrix effects: response to consumption of dairy fat differs when eaten within the cheese matrix-a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018; 108:667-674
      • Hjerpsted J, Leedo E, Tholstrup T. Cheese intake in large amounts lowers LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with butter intake of equal fat content. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011; 94:1479-1484
  • Search Plan and Results: DLM-SF: Source of Saturated Fat (RCTs) (2021)
     
  In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated fat from butter on endothelial function?

  • Conclusion

    No studies were identified that evaluated saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated from butter intake on endothelial function in adults at risk for cardiovascular disease.

  • Grade: V
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Search Plan and Results: DLM-SF: Source of Saturated Fat (RCTs) (2021)
     
  In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated fat from yogurt on cholesterol and blood pressure?

  • Conclusion

    In moderate hypercholesterolemic adults, saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated fat from yogurt does not have different effects on cholesterol levels or blood pressure, based on results of one randomized controlled trial.

  • Grade: Very Low (D)
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated fat from yogurt on cholesterol and blood pressure?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Schlienger J, Paillard F, Lecerf J, Romon M, Bonhomme C, Schmitt B, Donazzolo Y, Defoort C, Mallmann C, Le Ruyet P, Bresson J. Effect on blood lipids of two daily servings of Camembert cheese. An intervention trial in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2014; 65:1013-1018
  • Search Plan and Results: DLM-SF: Source of Saturated Fat (RCTs) (2021)
     
  In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of saturated fat from cheese compared to saturated fat from yogurt on endothelial function and inflammatory markers?

  • Conclusion

    In adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, no studies were identified that compared saturated fat from cheese to saturated fat from yogurt on endothelial function or inflammatory markers.

  • Grade: V
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Search Plan and Results: DLM-SF: Source of Saturated Fat (RCTs) (2021)