GDM: Macronutrients (2008)
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Intervention
Is there a specific amount, type, form of carbohydrate, fat and protein for women with gestational diabetes?
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Conclusion
Ten studies were evaluated to investigate the consumption of macronutrients in pregnant women and women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Carbohydrate intake affects postprandial blood glucose levels; Increased postprandial blood glucose levels are associated with increased incidence of large-for-gestational age infants and increased rate of Cesarean sections. Three studies showed improved outcomes at carbohydrate intakes of less than 45% of energy . Research is limited regarding protein, fat, fiber and glycemic index in women with gestational diabetes mellitus; further research is needed in these areas.
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Grade: II
- Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
- Grade II is Fair;
- Grade III is Limited/Weak;
- Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
- Grade V is Not Assignable.
- High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
- Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
- Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
- Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
- Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
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Evidence Summary: Carbohydrate, fat and protein for women with gestational diabetes
- Detail
- Quality Rating Summary
For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
- Worksheets
- Clapp JE. Effect of dietary carbohydrate on the glucose and insulin response to mixed caloric intake and exercise in both nonpregnant and pregnant women. Diabetes Care 1998; (Suppl 2) 21:B107-B112.
- Kalkwarf HJ, Bell RC, Khoury JC, Gouge AL, Miodovnik M. Dietary fiber intakes and insulin requirements in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes. J Am Diet Assoc 2001;101:305-310.
- Lauszus FF, Rasmussen OW, Henriksen JE, Klebe JG, Jensen L, Lauszus KS,
Hermansen K. Effect of a high monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) diet on blood pressure and glucose metabolism in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001;55(6):436-43. - Loosemore ED, Judge MP, Lammi-Keefe CJ. Dietary intake of essential and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy. Lipids 2004;39(5):421-4.
- Major CA, Henry MJ, De Veciana M, Morgan MA. The effects of carbohydrate restriction in patients with diet-controlled gestational diabetes. Obstet & Gynecol 1998;91:600-604.
- Parretti E, Mecacci F, Papini M, Cioni R, Carignani L, Mignosa M, La Torre P, Mello G. Third-trimester maternal glucose levels from diurnal profiles in nondiabetic pregnancies: correlation with sonographic parameters of fetal growth. Diabetes Care 2001; 24:1319-1323.
- Peterson CM, Jovanovic-Peterson L. Percentage of carbohydrate and glycemic response to breakfast, lunch and dinner in women with gestational diabetes. Diabetes 1991; 40 (Suppl 2):172-174.
- Romon M, Nuttens MC, Vambergue A, Verier-Mine O, Biausque S, Lemaire C, Fontaine P, Salomez JL, Beuscart R. Higher carbohydrate intake is associated with decreased incidence of newborn macrosomia in women with gestational diabetes. J Am Diet Assoc 2001;101(8):897-902.
- Sloan NL, Lederman SA, Leighton J, Himes JH, Rush D. The effect of prenatal dietary protein intake on birth weight. Nutrition Research 2001; 21:129-139.
- Snyder J, Gray-Donald K, Koski KG. Predictors of infant birth weight in gestational diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:1409-14.
- Clapp JE. Effect of dietary carbohydrate on the glucose and insulin response to mixed caloric intake and exercise in both nonpregnant and pregnant women. Diabetes Care 1998; (Suppl 2) 21:B107-B112.
- Detail
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Search Plan and Results: Carbohydrate, Fat and Protein 2006
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Conclusion