Gestational Diabetes

GDM: Protein (2001)

Protein (Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 2001)

Gestational Diabetes Medical Nutrition Therapy Protocol (2001)

The ADA 2001 Gestational Diabetes MNT Evidence-based guide for practice was originally published in a compact disk (CD) format. This 2001 project was published to the online Evidence Analysis Library for the benefit of ADA members, even though it does not follow the current online format and may be missing some of the components. (The current evidence analysis projects include the following components: question, conclusion, grade, search plan and results, evidence summary, overview table, worksheets, and quality check lists.)

• Assessment
  Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Conclusion Statements: Protein (2001 CD)

  • Conclusion

    The recommended dietary allowance for protein is an additional 10 g per day in pregnancy, based on balance studies that show 1.3 to 2.1 g nitrogen (8.1 to 13 g protein) retention during pregnancy with the greater amount retained during the third trimester. A population based study of Women, Infants and Children (WIC) participants reported lower birth weights when women consumed >85 g protein per day compared to women who consumed 50 to 84.5 g per day.

  • Grade: II
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: Gestational Diabetes and Fat Intake (2001 CD)
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • American Diabetes Association Position Statement:  Nutrition recommendations and principles for people with diabetes mellitus.  J Am Diet Assoc 1994;94(5):504-506.
      • Butte NF.  Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in pregnancy:  normal compared with gestational diabetes mellitus.  Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(suppl):1256S-1261S.
      • Moses RG, Shand JL, Tapsell LC.  The recurrence of gestational diabetes:  could dietary differences in fat intake be an explanation?  Diabetes Care 1997; 20:1647-1650. 
  • Evidence Summary: Gestational Diabetes and Protein (2001 CD)
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Gannon MC, Nuttall JA, Damberg G, Gupta V, Nuttall FQ. Effect of protein ingestion on the glucose appearance rate in people with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrin Metab. 2001;86:1040-1047.
      • King JC. Physiology of pregnancy and nutrient metabolism.  Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71 (suppl): 1218S-1225S. 
      • Nuttall FQ, Mooradian AD, Gannon MC, Billington C, Krezowski P. Effect of protein ingestion on the glucose and insulin response to a standardized oral glucose load. Diabetes Care. 1984;7:465-470.
      • Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC.  Plasma glucose and insulin response to macronutrients in nondiabetic and NIDDM subjects.  Diabetes Care 1991;14(9):824-838.
      • Sloan NL, Lederman SA, Leighton J, Himes JH, Rush D.  The effect of prenatal dietary protein intake on birth weight.  Nutrition Research 2001; 21:129-139.