VN: Health and Disease Outcomes (2023)

Intervention
In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and cardiovascular disease incidence?
- Conclusion
  In recent systematic reviews of cohort studies with presumably healthy adults in the general population, vegetarian diets, including vegan diets, were associated with decreased cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease incidence compared to non-vegetarian diets.
- Grade: Moderate (B)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and cardiovascular disease incidence?
- Search Plan and Results: VN: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Prevention (2023)
In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegan diets and cardiovascular disease incidence?
- Conclusion
  In recent systematic reviews of cohort studies with presumably healthy adults in the general population, following a vegan diet may be associated with little or no difference in cardiovascular disease or coronary heart disease incidence compared to non-vegetarian diets.
- Grade: Low (C)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegan diets and cardiovascular disease incidence?
- Search Plan and Results: VN: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Prevention (2023)
In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and risk of stroke?
- Conclusion
  In recent systematic reviews of cohort studies with presumably healthy adults in the general population, following vegetarian or vegan diets may not be associated with risk of stroke compared to non-vegetarian diets.
- Grade: Low (C)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and risk of stroke?
- Search Plan and Results: VN: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Prevention (2023)
In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and risk of myocardial infarction?
- Conclusion
  In a recent systematic review of cohort studies with presumably healthy adults in the general population, the association between vegan diets, compared to non-vegetarian diets, and myocardial infarction is uncertain (Very low certainty). Evidence was not available to evaluate the impact of vegetarian diets that were not vegan on myocardial infarction.
- Grade: Very Low (D)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and risk of myocardial infarction?
  - Detail
  - Quality Rating Summary
    For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
  - Worksheets
    
    Kaiser J, van Daalen K, Thayyil A, Cocco M, Caputo D, Oliver-Williams C. A Systematic Review of the Association Between Vegan Diets and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. The Journal of Nutrition 2021; 151:1539-1552
- Search Plan and Results: VN: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Prevention (2023)
In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and cardiovascular disease mortality?
- Conclusion
  In recent systematic reviews of cohort studies with presumably healthy adults in the general population, vegetarian diets, including vegan diets, may be associated with decreased risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease compared to non-vegetarian diets.
- Grade: Low (C)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and cardiovascular disease mortality?
- Search Plan and Results: VN: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Prevention (2023)
In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegan diets and cardiovascular disease mortality?
- Conclusion
  In recent systematic reviews of cohort studies with presumably healthy adults in the general population, the association between vegan diets, compared to non-vegetarian diets, and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) is uncertain.
- Grade: Very Low (D)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegan diets and cardiovascular disease mortality?
- Search Plan and Results: VN: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Prevention (2023)
In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and stroke and cerebrovascular disease mortality?
- Conclusion
  In recent systematic reviews of cohort studies with presumably healthy adults in the general population, vegetarian diets, including vegan diets, may not be associated with mortality from cerebrovascular disease or stroke, but evidence is uncertain.
- Grade: Very Low (D)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and stroke and cerebrovascular disease mortality?
- Search Plan and Results: VN: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Prevention (2023)
In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and all-cause mortality?
- Conclusion
  In recent systematic reviews of cohort studies with presumably healthy adults in the general population, vegetarian diets, including vegan diets, may not be associated with risk of all-cause mortality compared to non-vegetarian diets, but evidence is uncertain.
- Grade: Very Low (D)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and all-cause mortality?
- Search Plan and Results: VN: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Prevention (2023)
In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and cancer incidence?
- Conclusion
  In recent systematic reviews of cohort studies with presumably healthy adults in the general population, vegetarian diets including vegan diets may be associated with decreased overall cancer incidence compared to non-vegetarian diets, but evidence was uncertain. For specific cancer types, including colorectal, lung, prostate, and breast, there was no association, but evidence was uncertain.
- Grade: Very Low (D)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and cancer incidence?
- Search Plan and Results: VN: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Prevention (2023)
In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence?
- Conclusion
  In a recent systematic review of cohort studies with presumably healthy adults in the general population, the association between vegetarian and vegan diets, compared to non-vegetarian diets, and type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence is uncertain.
- Grade: Very Low (D)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence?
- Search Plan and Results: VN: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Prevention (2023)
In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and hypertension and overweight/obesity incidence?
- Conclusion
  There were no included systematic reviews that reported on the relationship between a vegetarian or vegan diet, compared to a non-vegetarian diet, on risk of hypertension or overweight or obesity in presumably healthy adults in the general population.
- Grade: Ungraded
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and risk of fractures?
- Conclusion
  In a recent systematic review of cohort studies with presumably healthy adults in the general population, following a vegan diet may be associated with increased fracture risk compared to non-vegetarian diets, but there was no difference in fracture risk for lacto-ovo vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians.
- Grade: Low (C)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In presumably healthy adults in the general population, what is the relationship between vegetarian diets and risk of fractures?
  - Detail
  - Quality Rating Summary
    For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
  - Worksheets
    
    Iguacel I, Miguel-Berges M, Gómez-Bruton A, Moreno L, Julián C. Veganism, Vegetarianism, Bone Mineral Density, and Fracture Risk: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrition Reviews 2019; 77:1-18
- Search Plan and Results: VN: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Prevention (2023)