Hypertension

HTN: Protein (2007)

• Intervention
  What is the relationship between protein intake and blood pressure in healthy and hypertensive adults?

  • Conclusion

    The effect of increased protein intake on blood pressure is unclear, as the results of seven studies are conflicting.

  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: What evidence suggests a relationship between protein intake and blood pressure in healthy and hypertensive adults?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Carey VJ, Obarzanek E, Swain JF, Miller ER, Conlin PR, Erlinger TP, Rosner BA, Laranjo NM, Charleston J, McCarron P, Bishop LM for the OmniHeart Collaborative Research Group. Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. JAMA. 2005; 294: 2,455-2,464.
      • Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Keogh JB, Luscombe ND, Wittert GA, Clifton PM. Long-term effects of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on weight control and cardiovascular risk markers in obese hyperinsulinemic subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 2004; 28 (5): 661-670.
      • Farnsworth E, Luscombe ND, Noakes M, Wittert G, Argyiou E, Clifton PM. Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003; 78: 31-39.
      • Iseki K, Iseki C, Itoh K, Sanefuji M, Uezono K, Ikemiya Y, Fukiyama K, Kawasaki T. Estimated protein intake and blood pressure in a screened cohort in Okinawa, Japan. Hypertension Research. 2003; 26: 289-294. 
      • Liu L, Ikeda K, Sullivan D, Ling W, Yamori Y. Epidemiological evidence of the association between dietary protein intake and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of published data. Hypertens Res. 2002; 25: 689-695.
      • Liu L, Ikeda K, Yamori Y. Inverse relationship between urinary markers of animal protein intake and blood pressure in Chinese: results from the WHO Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison (CARDIAC) Study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 2002; 31: 227-233.
  • Search Plan and Results: Protein 2005
     
  What is the relationship between soy food intake and blood pressure in healthy and hypertensive adults?

  • Conclusion

    The effect of increased soy food intake on blood pressure is unclear, as the results of thirteen studies are conflicting.

  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: What evidence suggests a relationship between soy food intake and blood pressure in healthy and hypertensive adults?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Goodman-Gruen D, Kritz-Silverstein D. Usual dietary isoflavone intake is associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. J Nutr. 2001; 131: 1,202-1,206.
      • Harrison RA, Sagara M, Rajura A, Armitage L, Birt N, Birt CA, Yaori Y, Can foods with added soy-protein or fish-oil reduce risk factors for coronary disease? A factorial randomised controlled trial, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2004, 14: 344-350.
      • Hermansen K, Hansen B, Jacobsen R, Clausen P, Dalgaard M, Dinesen B, Holst JJ, Pedersen E, Astrup A. Effects of soy supplementation on blood lipids and arterial function in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005; 59: 843-850.
      • Jayagopal V, Albertazzi P, Kilpatrick ES, Howarth EM, Jennings PE, Hepburn DA, Atkin SL. Beneficial effects of soy phytoestrogen intake in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2002; 25: 1,709-1,714.
      • Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Kok L, Bots ML, Grobbee DE, Lampe JW, van der Schouw Y. Randomized controlled trial of the effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on vascular function in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 81: 189-195.
      • Meyer BJ, Larkin TA, Owen AJ, Astheimer LB, Tapsell LC, Howe PRC. Limited lipid-lowering efects of regular consumption of whole soybean foods. Ann Nutr Metab. 2004; 49: 67-78.
      • Nagata C, Shimizu H, Takami R, Hayashi M, Takeda N, Yasuda K. Association of blood pressure with intake of soy products and other food groups in Japanese men and women. Prev Med. 2003: 36: 692-697.  
      • Rivas M, Garay RP, Escanero JF, Cia P, Cia P, Alda JO. Soy milk lowers blood pressure in men and women with mild to moderate essential hypertension. J Nutr. 2002; 132: 1,900-1,902.
      • Sacks FM, Lichtenstein A, Van Horn L, Harris W, Kris-Etherton P, Winston M. Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: An American Heart Association science advisory for professionals from the Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 2006; 113: 1,034-1,044.
      • Sagara M, Kanda T, Jelekera MN, Teramoto T, Armitage L, Birt N, Birt C, Yamori Y. Effects of dietary intake of soy protein and isoflavones on cardiovascular disease risk factors in high risk, middle-aged men in Scotland. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003; 23 (1): 85-91.
  • Search Plan and Results: Soy 2006