Malnutrition in Pregnancy

MIP: Vitamin D

• Intervention
  In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on maternal vitamin D status – circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations?

  • Conclusion
    The evidence reviewed supports maternal vitamin D supplementation (ranging from a daily dose of 400 IU to up to four doses of 120,000 IU) during pregnancy in women with mixed nutritional status increases maternal circulating 25(OH)D concentrations.
  • Grade: I
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on maternal vitamin D status; circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 [OH]D) concentrations?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Asemi Z, Hashemi T, Karamali M, Samimi M, Esmaillzadeh A. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on glucose metabolism, lipid concentrations, inflammation, and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2013; 98:1,425-1,432.
      • Asemi Z, Karamali M, Esmaillzadeh A. Effects of calcium-vitamin D co-supplementation on glycaemic control, inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1,798-1,806.
      • Asemi Z, Karamali M, Esmaillzadeh A. Favorable effects of vitamin D supplementation on pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et Metabolisme 2015; 47:565-570.
      • Asemi Z, Samimi M, Tabassi Z, Shakeri H, Esmaillzadeh A. Vitamin D supplementation affects serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, insulin resistance, and biomarkers of oxidative stress in pregnant women.. The Journal of Nutrition 2013; 143:1,432-1,438
      • Dawodu A, Saadi H, Bekdache G, Javed Y, Altaye M, Hollis B. Randomized controlled trial (RCT) of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy in a population with endemic vitamin D deficiency. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013; 98:2,337-2,346
      • Grant C, Stewart A, Scragg R, Milne T, Rowden J, Ekeroma A, Wall C, Mitchell E, Crengle S, Trenholme A, Crane J, Camargo C. Vitamin D during pregnancy and infancy and infant serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Pediatrics 2014; 133:e143-e153
      • Hashemipour S, Ziaee A, Javadi A, Movahed F, Elmizadeh K, Javadi E, Lalooha F. Effect of treatment of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency during pregnancy on fetal growth indices and maternal weight gain: a randomized clinical trial. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 2014; 172:15-19
      • Hollis B, Johnson D, Hulsey T, Ebeling M, Wagner C. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research: The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 2011; 26:2,341-2,357.
      • Hossain N, Kanani FH, Ramzan S, Kausar R, Ayaz S, Khanani R, Pal L. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of maternal vitamin D supplementation: results of an open-label, randomized controlled trial of antenatal vitamin D supplementation in Pakistani women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2014; 99:2,448-2,455.
      • Karamali M, Beihaghi E, Mohammadi A, Asemi Z. Effects of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Status and Pregnancy Outcomes in Pregnant Women at Risk for Pre-Eclampsia. Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et Metabolisme. 2015; 47:867-872.
      • March K, Chen N, Karakochuk C, Shand A, Innis S, von Dadelszen P, Barr S, Lyon M, Whiting S, Weiler H, Green T. Maternal vitamin D supplementation at 50g per day protects against low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in infants at eight weeks of age: a randomized controlled trial of three doses of vitamin D beginning in gestation and continued in lactation. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2015; 102:402-410.
      • Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Hosseinzadeh-Shamsi-Anar M, Salami M, Hadinedoushan H, Mozayan M. Effects of a single postpartum injection of a high dose of vitamin D on glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in mothers with first-time gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine: A Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2012; 29:36-42.
      • Roth D, Al Mahmud A, Raqib R, Akhtar E, Perumal N, Pezzack B, Baqui A.. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of high-dose prenatal third-trimester vitamin D3 supplementation in Bangladesh: the AViDD trial. Nutrition Journal. 2013; 12:
      • Sablok A, Batra A, Thariani K, Batra A, Bharti R, Aggarwal A, Kabi B, Chellani H. Supplementation of vitamin D in pregnancy and its correlation with feto-maternal outcome. Clinical Endocrinology. 2015; 83:536-541.
      • Soheilykhah S, Mojibian M, Moghadam M, Shojaoddiny-Ardekani A. The effect of different doses of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance during pregnancy. Gynecological Endocrinology: The Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2013; 29:396-399.
      • Yap C, Cheung N, Gunton J, Athayde N, Munns C, Duke A, McLean M. Vitamin D supplementation and the effects on glucose metabolism during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1,837-1,844.
      • Yesiltepe Mutlu G, Ozsu E, Kalaca S, Yuksel A, Pehlevan Y, Cizmecioglu F, Hatun S. Evaluation of vitamin D supplementation doses during pregnancy in a population at high risk for deficiency. Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2014; 81:402-408.
      • Yu C, Sykes L, Sethi M, Teoh T, Robinson S. Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation during pregnancy. Clinical Endocrinology 2009; 70:685-690.
  • Search Plan and Results: MIP: Vitamin D (2016)
     
  In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on proportion of women with pre-eclampsia or gestational hypertension?

  • Conclusion
    The evidence reviewed does not support a role for maternal vitamin D supplementation (ranging from a daily dose of 4,000 IU to up to four doses of 120,000 IU) during pregnancy in women with mixed nutritional status on the development of pre-eclampsia or gestational hypertension.
  • Grade: II
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on proportion of women with pre-eclampsia or gestational hypertension?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Asemi Z, Karamali M, Esmaillzadeh A. Favorable effects of vitamin D supplementation on pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et Metabolisme 2015; 47:565-570.
      • Hossain N, Kanani FH, Ramzan S, Kausar R, Ayaz S, Khanani R, Pal L. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of maternal vitamin D supplementation: results of an open-label, randomized controlled trial of antenatal vitamin D supplementation in Pakistani women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2014; 99:2,448-2,455.
      • Karamali M, Beihaghi E, Mohammadi A, Asemi Z. Effects of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Status and Pregnancy Outcomes in Pregnant Women at Risk for Pre-Eclampsia. Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et Metabolisme. 2015; 47:867-872.
      • Sablok A, Batra A, Thariani K, Batra A, Bharti R, Aggarwal A, Kabi B, Chellani H. Supplementation of vitamin D in pregnancy and its correlation with feto-maternal outcome. Clinical Endocrinology. 2015; 83:536-541.
      • Yap C, Cheung N, Gunton J, Athayde N, Munns C, Duke A, McLean M. Vitamin D supplementation and the effects on glucose metabolism during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1,837-1,844.
  • Search Plan and Results: MIP: Vitamin D (2016)
     
  In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on markers of gestational diabetes: Fasting plasma glucose level and HOMA-IR?

  • Conclusion
    The evidence reviewed suggests maternal vitamin D supplementation (ranging from a daily dose of 200 IU to a one-time dose of 300,000 IU) during pregnancy in women with mixed nutritional status decreases HOMA-IR, but not fasting plasma glucose, and may be associated with a decreased risk of developing gestational diabetes.
  • Grade: II
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on markers of gestational diabetes: Fasting plasma glucose level and HOMA-IR?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Asemi Z, Hashemi T, Karamali M, Samimi M, Esmaillzadeh A. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on glucose metabolism, lipid concentrations, inflammation, and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2013; 98:1,425-1,432.
      • Asemi Z, Karamali M, Esmaillzadeh A. Effects of calcium-vitamin D co-supplementation on glycaemic control, inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1,798-1,806.
      • Asemi Z, Samimi M, Tabassi Z, Shakeri H, Esmaillzadeh A. Vitamin D supplementation affects serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, insulin resistance, and biomarkers of oxidative stress in pregnant women.. The Journal of Nutrition 2013; 143:1,432-1,438
      • Asemi Z, Tabassi Z, Heidarzadeh Z, Khorammian H, Sabihi S, Samimi M. Effect of calcium-vitamin D supplementation on metabolic profiles in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences: PJBS 2012; 15:316-324.
      • Karamali M, Beihaghi E, Mohammadi A, Asemi Z. Effects of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Status and Pregnancy Outcomes in Pregnant Women at Risk for Pre-Eclampsia. Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et Metabolisme. 2015; 47:867-872.
      • Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Hosseinzadeh-Shamsi-Anar M, Salami M, Hadinedoushan H, Mozayan M. Effects of a single postpartum injection of a high dose of vitamin D on glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in mothers with first-time gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine: A Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2012; 29:36-42.
      • Soheilykhah S, Mojibian M, Moghadam M, Shojaoddiny-Ardekani A. The effect of different doses of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance during pregnancy. Gynecological Endocrinology: The Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2013; 29:396-399.
      • Yap C, Cheung N, Gunton J, Athayde N, Munns C, Duke A, McLean M. Vitamin D supplementation and the effects on glucose metabolism during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1,837-1,844.
  • Search Plan and Results: MIP: Vitamin D (2016)
     
  In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on proportion of women with a Cesarean-section?

  • Conclusion
    The evidence reviewed does not support a role for maternal vitamin D supplementation (ranging from a daily dose of 2,000 IU to two doses of 50,000 IU) during pregnancy in women with mixed nutritional status on cesarean section delivery.
  • Grade: II
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on proportion of women with a Cesarean section?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Asemi Z, Karamali M, Esmaillzadeh A. Favorable effects of vitamin D supplementation on pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et Metabolisme 2015; 47:565-570.
      • Hollis B, Johnson D, Hulsey T, Ebeling M, Wagner C. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research: The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 2011; 26:2,341-2,357.
      • Hossain N, Kanani FH, Ramzan S, Kausar R, Ayaz S, Khanani R, Pal L. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of maternal vitamin D supplementation: results of an open-label, randomized controlled trial of antenatal vitamin D supplementation in Pakistani women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2014; 99:2,448-2,455.
      • Karamali M, Beihaghi E, Mohammadi A, Asemi Z. Effects of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Status and Pregnancy Outcomes in Pregnant Women at Risk for Pre-Eclampsia. Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et Metabolisme. 2015; 47:867-872.
      • Roth D, Al Mahmud A, Raqib R, Akhtar E, Perumal N, Pezzack B, Baqui A.. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of high-dose prenatal third-trimester vitamin D3 supplementation in Bangladesh: the AViDD trial. Nutrition Journal. 2013; 12:
      • Yap C, Cheung N, Gunton J, Athayde N, Munns C, Duke A, McLean M. Vitamin D supplementation and the effects on glucose metabolism during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1,837-1,844.
  • Search Plan and Results: MIP: Vitamin D (2016)
     
  In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on maternal parathyroid hormone concentrations?

  • Conclusion
    The evidence reviewed does not support a role for maternal vitamin D supplementation (ranging from a daily dosage of 800 IU to one dose of 200,000 IU) during pregnancy in women with mixed nutritional status on maternal PTH concentrations.
  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on maternal parathyroid hormone concentrations?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Dawodu A, Saadi H, Bekdache G, Javed Y, Altaye M, Hollis B. Randomized controlled trial (RCT) of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy in a population with endemic vitamin D deficiency. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013; 98:2,337-2,346
      • Hollis B, Johnson D, Hulsey T, Ebeling M, Wagner C. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research: The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 2011; 26:2,341-2,357.
      • Roth D, Al Mahmud A, Raqib R, Akhtar E, Perumal N, Pezzack B, Baqui A.. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of high-dose prenatal third-trimester vitamin D3 supplementation in Bangladesh: the AViDD trial. Nutrition Journal. 2013; 12:
      • Yu C, Sykes L, Sethi M, Teoh T, Robinson S. Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation during pregnancy. Clinical Endocrinology 2009; 70:685-690.
  • Search Plan and Results: MIP: Vitamin D (2016)
     
  In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on maternal circulating calcium concentrations?

  • Conclusion
    The evidence reviewed does not support a role for maternal vitamin D supplementation (ranging from a daily dose of 400 IU to a one-time dose of 300,000 IU) during pregnancy in women with mixed nutritional status on circulating calcium. 
  • Grade: II
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on maternal circulating calcium concentrations?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Asemi Z, Hashemi T, Karamali M, Samimi M, Esmaillzadeh A. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on glucose metabolism, lipid concentrations, inflammation, and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2013; 98:1,425-1,432.
      • Asemi Z, Karamali M, Esmaillzadeh A. Effects of calcium-vitamin D co-supplementation on glycaemic control, inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1,798-1,806.
      • Asemi Z, Samimi M, Tabassi Z, Shakeri H, Esmaillzadeh A. Vitamin D supplementation affects serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, insulin resistance, and biomarkers of oxidative stress in pregnant women.. The Journal of Nutrition 2013; 143:1,432-1,438
      • Dawodu A, Saadi H, Bekdache G, Javed Y, Altaye M, Hollis B. Randomized controlled trial (RCT) of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy in a population with endemic vitamin D deficiency. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013; 98:2,337-2,346
      • March K, Chen N, Karakochuk C, Shand A, Innis S, von Dadelszen P, Barr S, Lyon M, Whiting S, Weiler H, Green T. Maternal vitamin D supplementation at 50g per day protects against low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in infants at eight weeks of age: a randomized controlled trial of three doses of vitamin D beginning in gestation and continued in lactation. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2015; 102:402-410.
      • Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Hosseinzadeh-Shamsi-Anar M, Salami M, Hadinedoushan H, Mozayan M. Effects of a single postpartum injection of a high dose of vitamin D on glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in mothers with first-time gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine: A Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2012; 29:36-42.
      • Roth D, Al Mahmud A, Raqib R, Akhtar E, Perumal N, Pezzack B, Baqui A.. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of high-dose prenatal third-trimester vitamin D3 supplementation in Bangladesh: the AViDD trial. Nutrition Journal. 2013; 12:
      • Soheilykhah S, Mojibian M, Moghadam M, Shojaoddiny-Ardekani A. The effect of different doses of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance during pregnancy. Gynecological Endocrinology: The Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2013; 29:396-399.
  • Search Plan and Results: MIP: Vitamin D (2016)
     
  In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on infant vitamin D status - circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 [OH]D) concentrations?

  • Conclusion
    The evidence reviewed supports maternal vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy (ranging from a daily dosage of 2,000 IU to four doses of 120,000 IU) in women with mixed nutritional status increases cord/infant circulating 25(OH)D concentrations.
     
  • Grade: I
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on infant vitamin D status – circulating 25 (OH)D concentrations?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Dawodu A, Saadi H, Bekdache G, Javed Y, Altaye M, Hollis B. Randomized controlled trial (RCT) of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy in a population with endemic vitamin D deficiency. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013; 98:2,337-2,346
      • Grant C, Stewart A, Scragg R, Milne T, Rowden J, Ekeroma A, Wall C, Mitchell E, Crengle S, Trenholme A, Crane J, Camargo C. Vitamin D during pregnancy and infancy and infant serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Pediatrics 2014; 133:e143-e153
      • Hashemipour S, Ziaee A, Javadi A, Movahed F, Elmizadeh K, Javadi E, Lalooha F. Effect of treatment of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency during pregnancy on fetal growth indices and maternal weight gain: a randomized clinical trial. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 2014; 172:15-19
      • Hollis B, Johnson D, Hulsey T, Ebeling M, Wagner C. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research: The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 2011; 26:2,341-2,357.
      • Hossain N, Kanani FH, Ramzan S, Kausar R, Ayaz S, Khanani R, Pal L. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of maternal vitamin D supplementation: results of an open-label, randomized controlled trial of antenatal vitamin D supplementation in Pakistani women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2014; 99:2,448-2,455.
      • March K, Chen N, Karakochuk C, Shand A, Innis S, von Dadelszen P, Barr S, Lyon M, Whiting S, Weiler H, Green T. Maternal vitamin D supplementation at 50g per day protects against low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in infants at eight weeks of age: a randomized controlled trial of three doses of vitamin D beginning in gestation and continued in lactation. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2015; 102:402-410.
      • Roth D, Al Mahmud A, Raqib R, Akhtar E, Perumal N, Pezzack B, Baqui A.. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of high-dose prenatal third-trimester vitamin D3 supplementation in Bangladesh: the AViDD trial. Nutrition Journal. 2013; 12:
      • Sablok A, Batra A, Thariani K, Batra A, Bharti R, Aggarwal A, Kabi B, Chellani H. Supplementation of vitamin D in pregnancy and its correlation with feto-maternal outcome. Clinical Endocrinology. 2015; 83:536-541.
      • Shakiba M and Iranmanesh MR. Vitamin D requirement in pregnancy to prevent deficiency in neonates: a randomized trial. Singapore Medical Journal. 2013; 54:285-288.
      • Yap C, Cheung N, Gunton J, Athayde N, Munns C, Duke A, McLean M. Vitamin D supplementation and the effects on glucose metabolism during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1,837-1,844.
      • Yesiltepe Mutlu G, Ozsu E, Kalaca S, Yuksel A, Pehlevan Y, Cizmecioglu F, Hatun S. Evaluation of vitamin D supplementation doses during pregnancy in a population at high risk for deficiency. Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2014; 81:402-408.
      • Yu C, Sykes L, Sethi M, Teoh T, Robinson S. Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation during pregnancy. Clinical Endocrinology 2009; 70:685-690.
  • Search Plan and Results: MIP: Vitamin D (2016)
     
  In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on gestational age?

  • Conclusion
    The evidence reviewed does not support a role for maternal vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy (ranging from a daily dosage of 2,000 IU to four doses of 120,000 IU) in women with mixed nutritional status on gestational age.
  • Grade: II
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on gestational age?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Asemi Z, Karamali M, Esmaillzadeh A. Favorable effects of vitamin D supplementation on pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et Metabolisme 2015; 47:565-570.
      • Hollis B, Johnson D, Hulsey T, Ebeling M, Wagner C. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research: The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 2011; 26:2,341-2,357.
      • Hossain N, Kanani FH, Ramzan S, Kausar R, Ayaz S, Khanani R, Pal L. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of maternal vitamin D supplementation: results of an open-label, randomized controlled trial of antenatal vitamin D supplementation in Pakistani women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2014; 99:2,448-2,455.
      • Karamali M, Beihaghi E, Mohammadi A, Asemi Z. Effects of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Status and Pregnancy Outcomes in Pregnant Women at Risk for Pre-Eclampsia. Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et Metabolisme. 2015; 47:867-872.
      • Roth D, Al Mahmud A, Raqib R, Akhtar E, Perumal N, Pezzack B, Baqui A.. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of high-dose prenatal third-trimester vitamin D3 supplementation in Bangladesh: the AViDD trial. Nutrition Journal. 2013; 12:
      • Sablok A, Batra A, Thariani K, Batra A, Bharti R, Aggarwal A, Kabi B, Chellani H. Supplementation of vitamin D in pregnancy and its correlation with feto-maternal outcome. Clinical Endocrinology. 2015; 83:536-541.
      • Yap C, Cheung N, Gunton J, Athayde N, Munns C, Duke A, McLean M. Vitamin D supplementation and the effects on glucose metabolism during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1,837-1,844.
  • Search Plan and Results: MIP: Vitamin D (2016)
     
  In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on birth weight?

  • Conclusion
    The evidence reviewed supports maternal vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy (ranging from a daily dosage of 1,200 IU to four doses of 120,000 IU) in women with mixed nutritional status increases infant birth weight.
  • Grade: II
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on birth weight?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Asemi Z, Karamali M, Esmaillzadeh A. Favorable effects of vitamin D supplementation on pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et Metabolisme 2015; 47:565-570.
      • Dawodu A, Saadi H, Bekdache G, Javed Y, Altaye M, Hollis B. Randomized controlled trial (RCT) of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy in a population with endemic vitamin D deficiency. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013; 98:2,337-2,346
      • Hashemipour S, Ziaee A, Javadi A, Movahed F, Elmizadeh K, Javadi E, Lalooha F. Effect of treatment of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency during pregnancy on fetal growth indices and maternal weight gain: a randomized clinical trial. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 2014; 172:15-19
      • Hollis B, Johnson D, Hulsey T, Ebeling M, Wagner C. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research: The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 2011; 26:2,341-2,357.
      • Hossain N, Kanani FH, Ramzan S, Kausar R, Ayaz S, Khanani R, Pal L. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of maternal vitamin D supplementation: results of an open-label, randomized controlled trial of antenatal vitamin D supplementation in Pakistani women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2014; 99:2,448-2,455.
      • Karamali M, Beihaghi E, Mohammadi A, Asemi Z. Effects of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Status and Pregnancy Outcomes in Pregnant Women at Risk for Pre-Eclampsia. Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et Metabolisme. 2015; 47:867-872.
      • Roth D, Al Mahmud A, Raqib R, Akhtar E, Perumal N, Pezzack B, Baqui A.. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of high-dose prenatal third-trimester vitamin D3 supplementation in Bangladesh: the AViDD trial. Nutrition Journal. 2013; 12:
      • Sablok A, Batra A, Thariani K, Batra A, Bharti R, Aggarwal A, Kabi B, Chellani H. Supplementation of vitamin D in pregnancy and its correlation with feto-maternal outcome. Clinical Endocrinology. 2015; 83:536-541.
      • Shakiba M and Iranmanesh MR. Vitamin D requirement in pregnancy to prevent deficiency in neonates: a randomized trial. Singapore Medical Journal. 2013; 54:285-288.
      • Yap C, Cheung N, Gunton J, Athayde N, Munns C, Duke A, McLean M. Vitamin D supplementation and the effects on glucose metabolism during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1,837-1,844.
      • Yesiltepe Mutlu G, Ozsu E, Kalaca S, Yuksel A, Pehlevan Y, Cizmecioglu F, Hatun S. Evaluation of vitamin D supplementation doses during pregnancy in a population at high risk for deficiency. Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2014; 81:402-408.
  • Search Plan and Results: MIP: Vitamin D (2016)
     
  In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on birth length?

  • Conclusion
    The evidence does not support a role for maternal vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy (ranging from a daily dose of 2,000 IU to a monthly dose of 100,000 IU) in women with mixed nutritional status on infant birth length.
  • Grade: II
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In pregnant women, what are the effects of maternal diet or dietary supplements of vitamin D on birth length?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Asemi Z, Karamali M, Esmaillzadeh A. Favorable effects of vitamin D supplementation on pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et Metabolisme 2015; 47:565-570.
      • Dawodu A, Saadi H, Bekdache G, Javed Y, Altaye M, Hollis B. Randomized controlled trial (RCT) of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy in a population with endemic vitamin D deficiency. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013; 98:2,337-2,346
      • Hashemipour S, Ziaee A, Javadi A, Movahed F, Elmizadeh K, Javadi E, Lalooha F. Effect of treatment of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency during pregnancy on fetal growth indices and maternal weight gain: a randomized clinical trial. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 2014; 172:15-19
      • Hossain N, Kanani FH, Ramzan S, Kausar R, Ayaz S, Khanani R, Pal L. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of maternal vitamin D supplementation: results of an open-label, randomized controlled trial of antenatal vitamin D supplementation in Pakistani women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2014; 99:2,448-2,455.
      • Karamali M, Beihaghi E, Mohammadi A, Asemi Z. Effects of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Status and Pregnancy Outcomes in Pregnant Women at Risk for Pre-Eclampsia. Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et Metabolisme. 2015; 47:867-872.
      • Roth D, Al Mahmud A, Raqib R, Akhtar E, Perumal N, Pezzack B, Baqui A.. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of high-dose prenatal third-trimester vitamin D3 supplementation in Bangladesh: the AViDD trial. Nutrition Journal. 2013; 12:
      • Shakiba M and Iranmanesh MR. Vitamin D requirement in pregnancy to prevent deficiency in neonates: a randomized trial. Singapore Medical Journal. 2013; 54:285-288.
      • Yap C, Cheung N, Gunton J, Athayde N, Munns C, Duke A, McLean M. Vitamin D supplementation and the effects on glucose metabolism during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1,837-1,844.
  • Search Plan and Results: MIP: Vitamin D (2016)