CRDA: Anthropometric Outcomes (2023)

CRDA: Anthropometric Outcomes (2023)

• Intervention
  In adults with type 2 diabetes, what is the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction compared to higher CHO diets on body mass index?

  • Conclusion

    Evidence suggests that intake of a low- or moderate-carbohydrate (CHO) diet compared to a higher CHO intake likely results in a small reduction in body mass index in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 

  • Grade: Moderate (B)
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In adults with type 2 diabetes, what is the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction compared to higher CHO diets on body mass index?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Chen C, Huang W, Chen H, Chang C, Lee L, Chen H, Kang Y, Chie W, Jan C, Wang W, Tsai J. Effect of a 90 g/day low-carbohydrate diet on glycaemic control, small, dense low-density lipoprotein and carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetic patients: An 18-month randomised controlled trial. PloS One 2020; 15:e0240158
      • Guldbrand H, Dizdar B, Bunjaku B, Lindström T, Bachrach-Lindström M, Fredrikson M, Ostgren C, Nystrom F. In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2118-2127
      • Maiorino M, Bellastella G, Petrizzo M, Scappaticcio L, Giugliano D, Esposito K. Mediterranean diet cools down the inflammatory milieu in type 2 diabetes: the MÉDITA randomized controlled trial. Endocrine 2016; 54:634-641
      • Pedersen E, Jesudason D, Clifton P. High protein weight loss diets in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 2014; 24:554-562
      • Wang L, Wang Q, Hong Y, Ojo O, Jiang Q, Hou Y, Huang Y, Wang X. The Effect of Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2018; 10:1716-1722
      • Watson N, Dyer K, Buckley J, Brinkworth G, Coates A, Parfitt G, Howe P, Noakes M, Murphy K. Effects of Low-Fat Diets Differing in Protein and Carbohydrate Content on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors during Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance in Obese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2016; 8:
  • Search Plan and Results: CRDA: Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 2023
     
  In adults with type 2 diabetes, what is the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction compared to higher CHO diets on body weight?

  • Conclusion

    Evidence suggests that intake of a low- or moderate-carbohydrate (CHO) diet compared to a higher CHO intake likely results in a small reduction in body weight in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

  • Grade: Moderate (B)
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In adults with type 2 diabetes, what is the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction compared to higher CHO diets on body weight?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Chen C, Huang W, Chen H, Chang C, Lee L, Chen H, Kang Y, Chie W, Jan C, Wang W, Tsai J. Effect of a 90 g/day low-carbohydrate diet on glycaemic control, small, dense low-density lipoprotein and carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetic patients: An 18-month randomised controlled trial. PloS One 2020; 15:e0240158
      • Esposito K, Maiorino M, Petrizzo M, Bellastella G, Giugliano D. The effects of a Mediterranean diet on the need for diabetes drugs and remission of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: follow-up of a randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1824-1830
      • Fabricatore A, Wadden T, Ebbeling C, Thomas J, Stallings V, Schwartz S, Ludwig D. Targeting dietary fat or glycemic load in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2011; 92:37-45
      • Guldbrand H, Dizdar B, Bunjaku B, Lindström T, Bachrach-Lindström M, Fredrikson M, Ostgren C, Nystrom F. In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2118-2127
      • Jesudason D, Pedersen E, Clifton P. Weight-loss diets in people with type 2 diabetes and renal disease: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of different dietary protein amounts. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013; 98:494-501
      • Larsen R, Mann N, Maclean E, Shaw J. The effect of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a 12 month randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2011; 54:731-740
      • Sato J, Kanazawa A, Makita S, Hatae C, Komiya K, Shimizu T, Ikeda F, Tamura Y, Ogihara T, Mita T, Goto H, Uchida T, Miyatsuka T, Takeno K, Shimada S, Ohmura C, Watanabe T, Kobayashi K, Miura Y, Iwaoka M, Hirashima N, Fujitani Y, Watada H. A randomized controlled trial of 130 g/day low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes with poor glycemic control. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2017; 36:992-1000
      • Watson N, Dyer K, Buckley J, Brinkworth G, Coates A, Parfitt G, Howe P, Noakes M, Murphy K. Effects of Low-Fat Diets Differing in Protein and Carbohydrate Content on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors during Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance in Obese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2016; 8:
  • Search Plan and Results: CRDA: Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 2023
     
  In adults with type 2 diabetes, what is the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction compared to higher CHO diets on fat mass?

  • Conclusion

    Evidence suggests that intake of a low- or moderate-carbohydrate (CHO) diet compared to a higher CHO intake may have little or no effect on fat mass in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

  • Grade: Very Low (D)
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In adults with type 2 diabetes, what is the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction compared to higher CHO diets on fat mass?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Chen C, Huang W, Chen H, Chang C, Lee L, Chen H, Kang Y, Chie W, Jan C, Wang W, Tsai J. Effect of a 90 g/day low-carbohydrate diet on glycaemic control, small, dense low-density lipoprotein and carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetic patients: An 18-month randomised controlled trial. PloS One 2020; 15:e0240158
      • Jesudason D, Pedersen E, Clifton P. Weight-loss diets in people with type 2 diabetes and renal disease: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of different dietary protein amounts. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013; 98:494-501
      • Watson N, Dyer K, Buckley J, Brinkworth G, Coates A, Parfitt G, Howe P, Noakes M, Murphy K. Effects of Low-Fat Diets Differing in Protein and Carbohydrate Content on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors during Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance in Obese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2016; 8:
  • Search Plan and Results: CRDA: Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 2023
     
  In adults with type 2 diabetes, what is the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction compared to higher CHO diets on lean body mass/fat free mass?

  • Conclusion

    Evidence suggests that intake of a moderate-carbohydrate (CHO) diet compared to a higher CHO intake may have little or no effect on lean body mass/fat free mass in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

  • Grade: Very Low (D)
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In adults with type 2 diabetes, what is the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction compared to higher CHO diets on lean body mass/fat free mass)?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Jesudason D, Pedersen E, Clifton P. Weight-loss diets in people with type 2 diabetes and renal disease: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of different dietary protein amounts. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013; 98:494-501
      • Watson N, Dyer K, Buckley J, Brinkworth G, Coates A, Parfitt G, Howe P, Noakes M, Murphy K. Effects of Low-Fat Diets Differing in Protein and Carbohydrate Content on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors during Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance in Obese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2016; 8:
  • Search Plan and Results: CRDA: Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 2023
     
  In adults with type 2 diabetes, what is the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction compared to higher CHO diets on waist circumference?

  • Conclusion

    Evidence suggests that intake of a low- or moderate-carbohydrate (CHO) diet compared to a higher CHO intake likely results in a small reduction in waist circumference in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

  • Grade: Moderate (B)
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In adults with type 2 diabete, what is the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction compared to higher CHO diets on waist circumference?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Chen C, Huang W, Chen H, Chang C, Lee L, Chen H, Kang Y, Chie W, Jan C, Wang W, Tsai J. Effect of a 90 g/day low-carbohydrate diet on glycaemic control, small, dense low-density lipoprotein and carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetic patients: An 18-month randomised controlled trial. PloS One 2020; 15:e0240158
      • Esposito K, Maiorino M, Petrizzo M, Bellastella G, Giugliano D. The effects of a Mediterranean diet on the need for diabetes drugs and remission of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: follow-up of a randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1824-1830
      • Fabricatore A, Wadden T, Ebbeling C, Thomas J, Stallings V, Schwartz S, Ludwig D. Targeting dietary fat or glycemic load in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2011; 92:37-45
      • Guldbrand H, Dizdar B, Bunjaku B, Lindström T, Bachrach-Lindström M, Fredrikson M, Ostgren C, Nystrom F. In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2118-2127
      • Larsen R, Mann N, Maclean E, Shaw J. The effect of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a 12 month randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2011; 54:731-740
      • Watson N, Dyer K, Buckley J, Brinkworth G, Coates A, Parfitt G, Howe P, Noakes M, Murphy K. Effects of Low-Fat Diets Differing in Protein and Carbohydrate Content on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors during Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance in Obese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2016; 8:
  • Search Plan and Results: CRDA: Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 2023