Diabetes Type 1 and 2

DM: Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (2001)

Background:

The ADA 2001 Diabetes Nutrition Practice Guideline was originally published in a compact disk (CD) format. This 2001 project was published to the online Evidence Analysis Library in 2005 for the benefit of ADA members, even though it does not follow the current online format and may be missing some of the components (Current ADA Evidence Analysis Questions include: question, conclusion, grade, search plan and results, evidence summary, overview table, worksheets, and quality check lists.). 

• Assessment
  Nutrition Practice Guidelines for Type 1 Diabetes: Self Monitoring of Blood Glucose (2001)

  • Conclusion

    Type 1: Self-monitoring of blood glucose is necessary to achieve blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible and to prevent or delay the onset of diabetic complications. Checking blood glucose 4 to 7 times a day is recommended for those with type 1 diabetes to enable the patient to adjust food intake, physical activity and/or insulin to meet blood glucose goals. (2001)

     

  • Grade: I
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: Type 1 and 2 Diabetes: Self Monitoring of Blood Glucose (2001)
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • American College of Endocrinology Consensus Statement on Guidelines for Glycemic Control.  Endocrine Practice Vol 8 (Suppl 1) January/February 2002.
      • Allen BT, DeLong ER, Feussner JR. Impact of glucose self-monitoring on non-insulin-treated patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Randomized controlled trial comparing blood and urine testing. Diabetes Care. 1990; 13: 1044-1050.
      • American Diabetes Association. Postprandial blood glucose. Diabetes Care 2001;24:775-778.
      • American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus (Position Statement). Diabetes Care. 2002; 25(Suppl 1):S33-S49.
      • American Diabetes Association. Tests of glycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25 (suppl 1): S97-S99.
      • Brewer KW, Chase HP, Owen S, Garg SK. Slicing the pie: correlating HbA1C values with average blood glucose values in a pie chart form. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:209-212.
      • Coster S, Gulliford MC, Seed PT, Powrie JK, Swaminathan R. Self-monitoring in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Diabetic Medicine. 2000; 17: 755-761.
      • The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:977-986.  
      • Delahanty LM. Implications of the diabetes control and complications trial for renal outcomes and medical nutrition therapy. J Renal Nutr. 1998; 8: 59-63.
      • Karter AJ, Ackerson LM, Darbinian JA, D’Agostino RB Jr, Ferrara A, Liu J, Selby JV. Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels and glycemic control: the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes registry. Am J Med. 2001; 111:1-9.
      • Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V, Holman RR, for the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 1999;281:2005-2012.
  Nutrition Practice Guidelines for Type 2 Diabetes:Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (2001)

  • Conclusion

    Type 2: Self-monitoring of blood glucose 2 to 4 times a day premeal or 2 hours postmmeal is recommended for those with type 2 diabetes upon diagnosis, for those on insulin, and also for those on MNT with physical activity or for those not achieving glycemic goals. Blood glucose records enable the patient to adjust food intake, physical activity and/or insulin to meet blood glucose goals. Blood glucose records are also needed for making recommendations for adjustment in diabetes medications when blood glucose goals are not met. (2001)

     

  • Grade: IV
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: Type 1 and 2 Diabetes: Self Monitoring of Blood Glucose (2001)
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • American College of Endocrinology Consensus Statement on Guidelines for Glycemic Control.  Endocrine Practice Vol 8 (Suppl 1) January/February 2002.
      • Allen BT, DeLong ER, Feussner JR. Impact of glucose self-monitoring on non-insulin-treated patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Randomized controlled trial comparing blood and urine testing. Diabetes Care. 1990; 13: 1044-1050.
      • American Diabetes Association. Postprandial blood glucose. Diabetes Care 2001;24:775-778.
      • American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus (Position Statement). Diabetes Care. 2002; 25(Suppl 1):S33-S49.
      • American Diabetes Association. Tests of glycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25 (suppl 1): S97-S99.
      • Brewer KW, Chase HP, Owen S, Garg SK. Slicing the pie: correlating HbA1C values with average blood glucose values in a pie chart form. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:209-212.
      • Coster S, Gulliford MC, Seed PT, Powrie JK, Swaminathan R. Self-monitoring in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Diabetic Medicine. 2000; 17: 755-761.
      • The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:977-986.  
      • Delahanty LM. Implications of the diabetes control and complications trial for renal outcomes and medical nutrition therapy. J Renal Nutr. 1998; 8: 59-63.
      • Karter AJ, Ackerson LM, Darbinian JA, D’Agostino RB Jr, Ferrara A, Liu J, Selby JV. Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels and glycemic control: the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes registry. Am J Med. 2001; 111:1-9.
      • Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V, Holman RR, for the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 1999;281:2005-2012.