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VN: Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors (2024)

Intervention
In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, what are the effects of vegetarian diets on incidence of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease?
- Conclusion
  In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, no included randomized controlled trials examined the effects of vegetarian diets on incidence of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease.
- Grade: Ungraded
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Search Plan and Results: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Management (2024)
In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, what are the effects of vegetarian diets on cardiovascular events and mortality?
- Conclusion
  In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, no included randomized controlled trials examined the effects of vegetarian diets on cardiovascular events and mortality.
- Grade: Ungraded
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Search Plan and Results: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Management (2024)
In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, what are the effects of vegetarian diets on blood pressure?
- Conclusion
  In adults with cardiovascular risk factors, vegetarian or vegan diets likely do not reduce blood pressure compared to therapeutic or non-therapeutic non-vegetarian diets.
- Grade: Moderate (B)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, what are the effects of vegetarian diets on blood pressure?
  - Detail
  - Worksheets
    
    Barnard N, Alwarith J, Rembert E, Brandon L, Nguyen M, Goergen A, Horne T, do Nascimento G, Lakkadi K, Tura A, Holubkov R, Kahleova H. A Mediterranean Diet and Low-Fat Vegan Diet to Improve Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized, Cross-over Trial. Journal of the American Nutrition Association 2022; 41:127-139
    
    Dansinger M, Gleason J, Griffith J, Selker H, Schaefer E. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005; 293:43-53
    
    Jenkins D, Wong J, Kendall C, Esfahani A, Ng V, Leong T, Faulkner D, Vidgen E, Paul G, Mukherjea R, Krul E, Singer W. Effect of a 6-month vegan low-carbohydrate ('Eco-Atkins') diet on cardiovascular risk factors and body weight in hyperlipidaemic adults: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e003505
    
    Leidy H, Carnell N, Mattes R, Campbell W. Higher protein intake preserves lean mass and satiety with weight loss in pre-obese and obese women. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2007; 15:421-429
    
    Liao F, Shieh M, Yang S, Lin S, Chien Y. Effectiveness of a soy-based compared with a traditional low-calorie diet on weight loss and lipid levels in overweight adults. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 2007; 23:551-556
    
    Mishra S, Xu J, Agarwal U, Gonzales J, Levin S, Barnard N. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of a plant-based nutrition program to reduce body weight and cardiovascular risk in the corporate setting: the GEICO study. European journal of clinical nutrition 2013; 67:718-724
    
    Njike V, Treu J, Kela G, Ayettey R, Comerford B, Siddiqui W. Egg Consumption in the Context of Plant-Based Diets and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. The Journal of Nutrition 2021; 151:3651-3660
    
    Tang M, Armstrong C, Leidy H, Campbell W. Normal vs. high-protein weight loss diets in men: effects on body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome. Obesity 2013; 21:E204-E210
    
    Turner-McGrievy G, Wilcox S, Frongillo E, Murphy E, Hutto B, Wilson M, Davey M, Bernhart J, Okpara N, Bailey S, Hu E. Effect of a Plant-Based vs Omnivorous Soul Food Diet on Weight and Lipid Levels Among African American Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open 2023; 6:e2250626
    
    Turner-McGrievy G, Wilson M, Carswell J, Okpara N, Aydin H, Bailey S, Davey M, Hutto B, Wilcox S, Friedman D, Sarzynski M, Liese A. A 12-Week Randomized Intervention Comparing the Healthy US, Mediterranean, and Vegetarian Dietary Patterns of the US Dietary Guidelines for Changes in Body Weight, Hemoglobin A1c, Blood Pressure, and Dietary Quality among African American Adults. The Journal of Nutrition 2023; 153:579-587
    
    Wright N, Wilson L, Smith M, Duncan B, McHugh P. The BROAD study: A randomised controlled trial using a whole food plant-based diet in the community for obesity, ischaemic heart disease or diabetes. Nutrition & Diabetes 2017; 7:e256
- Search Plan and Results: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Management (2024)
In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, what are the effects of vegetarian diets on blood lipid profile?
- Conclusion
  In adults with cardiovascular risk factors, vegan diets likely decrease total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations and increase triglyceride concentrations compared to non-therapeutic non-vegetarian diets, but there was no difference compared to therapeutic non-vegetarian diets. There was no effect of vegetarian diets that were not vegan, compared to non-vegetarian diets.
- Grade: Moderate (B)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, what are the effects of vegetarian diets on blood lipid profile?
  - Detail
  - Worksheets
    
    Barnard N, Alwarith J, Rembert E, Brandon L, Nguyen M, Goergen A, Horne T, do Nascimento G, Lakkadi K, Tura A, Holubkov R, Kahleova H. A Mediterranean Diet and Low-Fat Vegan Diet to Improve Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized, Cross-over Trial. Journal of the American Nutrition Association 2022; 41:127-139
    
    Burke L, Hudson A, Warziski M, Styn M, Music E, Elci O, Sereika S. Effects of a vegetarian diet and treatment preference on biochemical and dietary variables in overweight and obese adults: a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007; 86:588-596
    
    Dansinger M, Gleason J, Griffith J, Selker H, Schaefer E. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005; 293:43-53
    
    Jenkins D, Wong J, Kendall C, Esfahani A, Ng V, Leong T, Faulkner D, Vidgen E, Paul G, Mukherjea R, Krul E, Singer W. Effect of a 6-month vegan low-carbohydrate ('Eco-Atkins') diet on cardiovascular risk factors and body weight in hyperlipidaemic adults: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e003505
    
    Kahleova H, Petersen K, Shulman G, Alwarith J, Rembert E, Tura A, Hill M, Holubkov R, Barnard N. Effect of a Low-Fat Vegan Diet on Body Weight, Insulin Sensitivity, Postprandial Metabolism, and Intramyocellular and Hepatocellular Lipid Levels in Overweight Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open 2020; 3:e2025454
    
    Leidy H, Carnell N, Mattes R, Campbell W. Higher protein intake preserves lean mass and satiety with weight loss in pre-obese and obese women. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2007; 15:421-429
    
    Liao F, Shieh M, Yang S, Lin S, Chien Y. Effectiveness of a soy-based compared with a traditional low-calorie diet on weight loss and lipid levels in overweight adults. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 2007; 23:551-556
    
    Mahon A, Flynn M, Stewart L, McFarlin B, Iglay H, Mattes R, Lyle R, Considine R, Campbell W. Protein intake during energy restriction: effects on body composition and markers of metabolic and cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2007; 26:182-189
    
    Mishra S, Xu J, Agarwal U, Gonzales J, Levin S, Barnard N. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of a plant-based nutrition program to reduce body weight and cardiovascular risk in the corporate setting: the GEICO study. European journal of clinical nutrition 2013; 67:718-724
    
    Njike V, Treu J, Kela G, Ayettey R, Comerford B, Siddiqui W. Egg Consumption in the Context of Plant-Based Diets and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. The Journal of Nutrition 2021; 151:3651-3660
    
    Sofi F, Dinu M, Pagliai G, Cesari F, Gori A, Sereni A, Becatti M, Fiorillo C, Marcucci R, Casini A. Low-Calorie Vegetarian Versus Mediterranean Diets for Reducing Body Weight and Improving Cardiovascular Risk Profile: CARDIVEG Study (Cardiovascular Prevention With Vegetarian Diet). Circulation 2018; 137:1103-1113
    
    Tang M, Armstrong C, Leidy H, Campbell W. Normal vs. high-protein weight loss diets in men: effects on body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome. Obesity 2013; 21:E204-E210
    
    Turner-McGrievy G, Wilcox S, Frongillo E, Murphy E, Hutto B, Wilson M, Davey M, Bernhart J, Okpara N, Bailey S, Hu E. Effect of a Plant-Based vs Omnivorous Soul Food Diet on Weight and Lipid Levels Among African American Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open 2023; 6:e2250626
    
    Wright N, Wilson L, Smith M, Duncan B, McHugh P. The BROAD study: A randomised controlled trial using a whole food plant-based diet in the community for obesity, ischaemic heart disease or diabetes. Nutrition & Diabetes 2017; 7:e256
- Search Plan and Results: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Management (2024)
In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, what are the effects of vegetarian diets on body mass index?
- Conclusion
  In adults with cardiovascular risk factors, vegetarian diets, including vegan diets, likely reduce BMI compared to therapeutic or non-therapeutic non-vegetarian diets.
- Grade: Moderate (B)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, what are the effects of vegetarian diets on body mass index (BMI)?
  - Detail
  - Worksheets
    
    Barnard N, Scialli A, Turner-McGrievy G, Lanou A, Glass J. The effects of a low-fat, plant-based dietary intervention on body weight, metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. American Journal of Medicine 2005; 118:991-997
    
    Barnard N, Alwarith J, Rembert E, Brandon L, Nguyen M, Goergen A, Horne T, do Nascimento G, Lakkadi K, Tura A, Holubkov R, Kahleova H. A Mediterranean Diet and Low-Fat Vegan Diet to Improve Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized, Cross-over Trial. Journal of the American Nutrition Association 2022; 41:127-139
    
    Burke L, Warziski M, Styn M, Music E, Hudson A, Sereika S. A randomized clinical trial of a standard versus vegetarian diet for weight loss: the impact of treatment preference. International Journal of Obesity (2005) 2008; 32:166-176
    
    Dansinger M, Gleason J, Griffith J, Selker H, Schaefer E. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005; 293:43-53
    
    Jenkins D, Wong J, Kendall C, Esfahani A, Ng V, Leong T, Faulkner D, Vidgen E, Paul G, Mukherjea R, Krul E, Singer W. Effect of a 6-month vegan low-carbohydrate ('Eco-Atkins') diet on cardiovascular risk factors and body weight in hyperlipidaemic adults: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e003505
    
    Kahleova H, Znayenko-Miller T, Uribarri J, Holubkov R, Barnard N. Dietary advanced glycation products and their associations with insulin sensitivity and body weight: A 16-week randomized clinical trial. Obesity Science & Practice 2023; 9:235-242
    
    Leidy H, Carnell N, Mattes R, Campbell W. Higher protein intake preserves lean mass and satiety with weight loss in pre-obese and obese women. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2007; 15:421-429
    
    Liao F, Shieh M, Yang S, Lin S, Chien Y. Effectiveness of a soy-based compared with a traditional low-calorie diet on weight loss and lipid levels in overweight adults. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 2007; 23:551-556
    
    Mahon A, Flynn M, Stewart L, McFarlin B, Iglay H, Mattes R, Lyle R, Considine R, Campbell W. Protein intake during energy restriction: effects on body composition and markers of metabolic and cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2007; 26:182-189
    
    Mishra S, Xu J, Agarwal U, Gonzales J, Levin S, Barnard N. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of a plant-based nutrition program to reduce body weight and cardiovascular risk in the corporate setting: the GEICO study. European journal of clinical nutrition 2013; 67:718-724
    
    Njike V, Treu J, Kela G, Ayettey R, Comerford B, Siddiqui W. Egg Consumption in the Context of Plant-Based Diets and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. The Journal of Nutrition 2021; 151:3651-3660
    
    Sofi F, Dinu M, Pagliai G, Cesari F, Gori A, Sereni A, Becatti M, Fiorillo C, Marcucci R, Casini A. Low-Calorie Vegetarian Versus Mediterranean Diets for Reducing Body Weight and Improving Cardiovascular Risk Profile: CARDIVEG Study (Cardiovascular Prevention With Vegetarian Diet). Circulation 2018; 137:1103-1113
    
    Tang M, Armstrong C, Leidy H, Campbell W. Normal vs. high-protein weight loss diets in men: effects on body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome. Obesity 2013; 21:E204-E210
    
    Wright N, Wilson L, Smith M, Duncan B, McHugh P. The BROAD study: A randomised controlled trial using a whole food plant-based diet in the community for obesity, ischaemic heart disease or diabetes. Nutrition & Diabetes 2017; 7:e256
- Search Plan and Results: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Management (2024)
In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, what are the effects of vegetarian diets on percent weight loss?
- Conclusion
  In adults with cardiovascular risk factors, vegetarian and vegan diets resulted in a greater percent weight loss compared to non-therapeutic non-vegetarian diets, but there was no difference in percent weight loss compared to other therapeutic diets.
- Grade: Moderate (B)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, what are the effects of vegetarian diets on percent weight loss?
  - Detail
  - Worksheets
    
    Barnard N, Alwarith J, Rembert E, Brandon L, Nguyen M, Goergen A, Horne T, do Nascimento G, Lakkadi K, Tura A, Holubkov R, Kahleova H. A Mediterranean Diet and Low-Fat Vegan Diet to Improve Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized, Cross-over Trial. Journal of the American Nutrition Association 2022; 41:127-139
    
    Burke L, Hudson A, Warziski M, Styn M, Music E, Elci O, Sereika S. Effects of a vegetarian diet and treatment preference on biochemical and dietary variables in overweight and obese adults: a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007; 86:588-596
    
    Mishra S, Xu J, Agarwal U, Gonzales J, Levin S, Barnard N. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of a plant-based nutrition program to reduce body weight and cardiovascular risk in the corporate setting: the GEICO study. European journal of clinical nutrition 2013; 67:718-724
    
    Turner-McGrievy G, Davidson C, Wingard E, Wilcox S, Frongillo E. Comparative effectiveness of plant-based diets for weight loss: a randomized controlled trial of five different diets. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 2015; 31:350-358
    
    Turner-McGrievy G, Wilcox S, Frongillo E, Murphy E, Hutto B, Wilson M, Davey M, Bernhart J, Okpara N, Bailey S, Hu E. Effect of a Plant-Based vs Omnivorous Soul Food Diet on Weight and Lipid Levels Among African American Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open 2023; 6:e2250626
- Search Plan and Results: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Management (2024)
In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, what are the effects of vegetarian diets on fasting blood glucose?
- Conclusion
  In adults with cardiovascular risk factors, vegan diets may reduce fasting blood glucose compared to non-therapeutic non-vegetarian diets, but vegetarian and vegan diets may result in no difference in fasting blood glucose compared to therapeutic non-vegetarian diets.
- Grade: Low (C)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, what are the effects of vegetarian diets on fasting blood glucose?
  - Detail
  - Worksheets
    
    Barnard N, Scialli A, Turner-McGrievy G, Lanou A, Glass J. The effects of a low-fat, plant-based dietary intervention on body weight, metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. American Journal of Medicine 2005; 118:991-997
    
    Barnard N, Alwarith J, Rembert E, Brandon L, Nguyen M, Goergen A, Horne T, do Nascimento G, Lakkadi K, Tura A, Holubkov R, Kahleova H. A Mediterranean Diet and Low-Fat Vegan Diet to Improve Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized, Cross-over Trial. Journal of the American Nutrition Association 2022; 41:127-139
    
    Dansinger M, Gleason J, Griffith J, Selker H, Schaefer E. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005; 293:43-53
    
    Jenkins D, Wong J, Kendall C, Esfahani A, Ng V, Leong T, Faulkner D, Vidgen E, Paul G, Mukherjea R, Krul E, Singer W. Effect of a 6-month vegan low-carbohydrate ('Eco-Atkins') diet on cardiovascular risk factors and body weight in hyperlipidaemic adults: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e003505
    
    Kahleova H, Petersen K, Shulman G, Alwarith J, Rembert E, Tura A, Hill M, Holubkov R, Barnard N. Effect of a Low-Fat Vegan Diet on Body Weight, Insulin Sensitivity, Postprandial Metabolism, and Intramyocellular and Hepatocellular Lipid Levels in Overweight Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open 2020; 3:e2025454
    
    Leidy H, Carnell N, Mattes R, Campbell W. Higher protein intake preserves lean mass and satiety with weight loss in pre-obese and obese women. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2007; 15:421-429
    
    Liao F, Shieh M, Yang S, Lin S, Chien Y. Effectiveness of a soy-based compared with a traditional low-calorie diet on weight loss and lipid levels in overweight adults. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 2007; 23:551-556
    
    Mahon A, Flynn M, Stewart L, McFarlin B, Iglay H, Mattes R, Lyle R, Considine R, Campbell W. Protein intake during energy restriction: effects on body composition and markers of metabolic and cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2007; 26:182-189
    
    Njike V, Treu J, Kela G, Ayettey R, Comerford B, Siddiqui W. Egg Consumption in the Context of Plant-Based Diets and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. The Journal of Nutrition 2021; 151:3651-3660
    
    Sofi F, Dinu M, Pagliai G, Cesari F, Gori A, Sereni A, Becatti M, Fiorillo C, Marcucci R, Casini A. Low-Calorie Vegetarian Versus Mediterranean Diets for Reducing Body Weight and Improving Cardiovascular Risk Profile: CARDIVEG Study (Cardiovascular Prevention With Vegetarian Diet). Circulation 2018; 137:1103-1113
    
    Tang M, Armstrong C, Leidy H, Campbell W. Normal vs. high-protein weight loss diets in men: effects on body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome. Obesity 2013; 21:E204-E210
    
    Turner-McGrievy G, Wilcox S, Frongillo E, Murphy E, Hutto B, Wilson M, Davey M, Bernhart J, Okpara N, Bailey S, Hu E. Effect of a Plant-Based vs Omnivorous Soul Food Diet on Weight and Lipid Levels Among African American Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open 2023; 6:e2250626
- Search Plan and Results: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Management (2024)
In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, what are the effects of vegetarian diets on hemoglobin A1c?
- Conclusion
  In adults with cardiovascular risk factors, there may be no difference in HbA1c between vegetarian diets, including vegan diets, and therapeutic or non-therapeutic non-vegetarian diets, but evidence is uncertain.
- Grade: Very Low (D)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, what are the effects of vegetarian diets on hemoglobin A1c?
  - Detail
  - Worksheets
    
    Barnard N, Alwarith J, Rembert E, Brandon L, Nguyen M, Goergen A, Horne T, do Nascimento G, Lakkadi K, Tura A, Holubkov R, Kahleova H. A Mediterranean Diet and Low-Fat Vegan Diet to Improve Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized, Cross-over Trial. Journal of the American Nutrition Association 2022; 41:127-139
    
    Jenkins D, Wong J, Kendall C, Esfahani A, Ng V, Leong T, Faulkner D, Vidgen E, Paul G, Mukherjea R, Krul E, Singer W. Effect of a 6-month vegan low-carbohydrate ('Eco-Atkins') diet on cardiovascular risk factors and body weight in hyperlipidaemic adults: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e003505
    
    Kahleova H, Petersen K, Shulman G, Alwarith J, Rembert E, Tura A, Hill M, Holubkov R, Barnard N. Effect of a Low-Fat Vegan Diet on Body Weight, Insulin Sensitivity, Postprandial Metabolism, and Intramyocellular and Hepatocellular Lipid Levels in Overweight Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open 2020; 3:e2025454
    
    Turner-McGrievy G, Wilson M, Carswell J, Okpara N, Aydin H, Bailey S, Davey M, Hutto B, Wilcox S, Friedman D, Sarzynski M, Liese A. A 12-Week Randomized Intervention Comparing the Healthy US, Mediterranean, and Vegetarian Dietary Patterns of the US Dietary Guidelines for Changes in Body Weight, Hemoglobin A1c, Blood Pressure, and Dietary Quality among African American Adults. The Journal of Nutrition 2023; 153:579-587
    
    Wright N, Wilson L, Smith M, Duncan B, McHugh P. The BROAD study: A randomised controlled trial using a whole food plant-based diet in the community for obesity, ischaemic heart disease or diabetes. Nutrition & Diabetes 2017; 7:e256
- Search Plan and Results: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Management (2024)
In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, what are the effects of vegetarian diets on quality of life?
- Conclusion
  In adults with cardiovascular risk factors, a low-fat vegan diet may improve the physical, but not mental, quality of life compared to a non-vegetarian diet, but the evidence is uncertain.
- Grade: Very Low (D)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, what are the effects of vegetarian diets on quality of life?
  - Detail
  - Worksheets
    
    Wright N, Wilson L, Smith M, Duncan B, McHugh P. The BROAD study: A randomised controlled trial using a whole food plant-based diet in the community for obesity, ischaemic heart disease or diabetes. Nutrition & Diabetes 2017; 7:e256
- Search Plan and Results: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Management (2024)
In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, what are adverse events from vegetarian diets?
- Conclusion
  In adults with cardiovascular risk, vegetarian and vegan diets may result in no difference in adverse events compared to therapeutic non-vegetarian diets.
- Grade: Low (C)
  - Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
  - Grade II is Fair;
  - Grade III is Limited/Weak;
  - Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
  - Grade V is Not Assignable.
  - High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
  - Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
  - Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
  - Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
  - Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
- Evidence Summary: In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, what are adverse events from vegetarian diets?
  - Detail
  - Worksheets
    
    Dansinger M, Gleason J, Griffith J, Selker H, Schaefer E. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005; 293:43-53
    
    Jenkins D, Wong J, Kendall C, Esfahani A, Ng V, Leong T, Faulkner D, Vidgen E, Paul G, Mukherjea R, Krul E, Singer W. Effect of a 6-month vegan low-carbohydrate ('Eco-Atkins') diet on cardiovascular risk factors and body weight in hyperlipidaemic adults: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e003505
    
    Liao F, Shieh M, Yang S, Lin S, Chien Y. Effectiveness of a soy-based compared with a traditional low-calorie diet on weight loss and lipid levels in overweight adults. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 2007; 23:551-556
- Search Plan and Results: Vegetarian Nutrition and Disease Management (2024)