Disorders of Lipid Metabolism

DLM-SF: Inflammation (2021)

• Intervention
  In adults with risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of amount saturated fat intake on c-reactive protein (CRP)?

  • Conclusion

    In adults with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, limited evidence suggests that reduced saturated fat intake results in little to no difference on CRP. 

  • Grade: Low (C)
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In adults with risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of amount saturated fat intake on c-reactive protein (CRP)?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Bjermo H, Iggman D, Kullberg J, Dahlman I, Johansson L, Persson L, Berglund J, Pulkki K, Basu S, Uusitupa M, Rudling M, Arner P, Cederholm T, Ahlström H, Risérus U. Effects of n-6 PUFAs compared with SFAs on liver fat, lipoproteins, and inflammation in abdominal obesity: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012; 95:1003-1012
      • Petersson H, Risérus U, McMonagle J, Gulseth H, Tierney A, Morange S, Helal O, Shaw D, Ruano J, López-Miranda J, Kiec-Wilk B, Golabek I, Blaak E, Saris W, Drevon C, Lovegrove J, Roche H, Basu S. Effects of dietary fat modification on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in the LIPGENE study. British Journal of Nutrition 2010; 104:1357-1362
  • Search Plan and Results: DLM-SF: Endothelial Function and Inflammation (2021)
     
  In adults with risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of the amount of saturated fat intake on interleukin 6 (IL-6)?

  • Conclusion

    In adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, limited evidence suggests that reduced saturated fat intake probably results in little to no difference on IL-6.

  • Grade: Low (C)
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In adults with risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of the amount of saturated fat intake on interleukin 6 (IL-6)?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Bjermo H, Iggman D, Kullberg J, Dahlman I, Johansson L, Persson L, Berglund J, Pulkki K, Basu S, Uusitupa M, Rudling M, Arner P, Cederholm T, Ahlström H, Risérus U. Effects of n-6 PUFAs compared with SFAs on liver fat, lipoproteins, and inflammation in abdominal obesity: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012; 95:1003-1012
      • Han SN, Leka L, Lichtenstein A, Ausman L, Schaefer E, Meydani S. Effect of hydrogenated and saturated, relative to polyunsaturated, fat on immune and inflammatory responses of adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Lipid Research 2002; 43:445-452
      • Meneses M, Camargo A, Perez-Martinez P, Delgado-Lista J, Cruz-Teno C, Jimenez-Gomez Y, Paniagua J, Gutierrez-Mariscal F, Tinahones F, Vidal-Puig A, Roche H, Perez-Jimenez F, Malagon M, Lopez-Miranda J. Postprandial inflammatory response in adipose tissue of patients with metabolic syndrome after the intake of different dietary models. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 2011; 55:1759-1770
      • Silver H, Kang H, Keil C, Muldowney J, Kocalis H, Fazio S, Vaughan D, Niswender K. Consuming a balanced high fat diet for 16 weeks improves body composition, inflammation and vascular function parameters in obese premenopausal women. Metabolism 2014; 63:562-573
  • Search Plan and Results: DLM-SF: Endothelial Function and Inflammation (2021)
     
  In adults with risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of the amount of saturated fat intake on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?

  • Conclusion

    In adults with risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, limited evidence suggests that reduced saturated fat intake results in little to no difference on TNF. 

  • Grade: Low (C)
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In adults with risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, what is the effect of the amount of saturated fat intake on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Bjermo H, Iggman D, Kullberg J, Dahlman I, Johansson L, Persson L, Berglund J, Pulkki K, Basu S, Uusitupa M, Rudling M, Arner P, Cederholm T, Ahlström H, Risérus U. Effects of n-6 PUFAs compared with SFAs on liver fat, lipoproteins, and inflammation in abdominal obesity: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012; 95:1003-1012
      • Silver H, Kang H, Keil C, Muldowney J, Kocalis H, Fazio S, Vaughan D, Niswender K. Consuming a balanced high fat diet for 16 weeks improves body composition, inflammation and vascular function parameters in obese premenopausal women. Metabolism 2014; 63:562-573
  • Search Plan and Results: DLM-SF: Endothelial Function and Inflammation (2021)
     
  In healthy adults, what is the effect of the amount of saturated fat intake on c-reactive protein (CRP)?

  • Conclusion

    In healthy adults, replacement of saturated fatty acids with monounsaturated fatty acids significantly decreases CRP levels. Replacement with oleic acid, in comparison to supplementation with stearic, lauric, myristic and palmitic fatty acids, significantly reduced CRP levels, however, effect size was small [MD, -0.010 (95% CI, -0.019 to -0.002)].

  • Grade: Low (C)
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In healthy adults, what is the effect of the amount of saturated fat intake on c-reactive protein (CRP)?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Baer D, Judd J, Clevidence B, Tracy R. Dietary fatty acids affect plasma markers of inflammation in healthy men fed controlled diets: a randomized crossover study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004; 79:969-973
      • Teng K, Voon P, Cheng H, Nesaretnam K. Effects of partially hydrogenated, semi-saturated, and high oleate vegetable oils on inflammatory markers and lipids. Lipids 2010; 45:385-392
      • Voon P, Ng T, Lee V, Nesaretnam K. Diets high in palmitic acid (16:0), lauric and myristic acids (12:0 + 14:0), or oleic acid (18:1) do not alter postprandial or fasting plasma homocysteine and inflammatory markers in healthy Malaysian adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011; 94:1451-1457
  • Search Plan and Results: DLM-SF: Endothelial Function and Inflammation (2021)
     
  In healthy adults, what is the effect of amount of saturated fat intake on interleukin 6 (IL-6)?

  • Conclusion

    In healthy adults, the effect of a reduced amount of saturated fat intake on interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentration is unclear. No statistically significant difference was found in pooled analysis on IL-6 concentration when saturated fatty acids were replaced with monounsaturated fatty acids after five weeks, and heterogeneity amongst studies was moderately high. 

  • Grade: Low (C)
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In healthy adults, what is the effect of amount of saturated fat intake on interleukin 6 (IL-6)?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Baer D, Judd J, Clevidence B, Tracy R. Dietary fatty acids affect plasma markers of inflammation in healthy men fed controlled diets: a randomized crossover study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004; 79:969-973
      • Teng K, Voon P, Cheng H, Nesaretnam K. Effects of partially hydrogenated, semi-saturated, and high oleate vegetable oils on inflammatory markers and lipids. Lipids 2010; 45:385-392
      • Voon P, Ng T, Lee V, Nesaretnam K. Diets high in palmitic acid (16:0), lauric and myristic acids (12:0 + 14:0), or oleic acid (18:1) do not alter postprandial or fasting plasma homocysteine and inflammatory markers in healthy Malaysian adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011; 94:1451-1457
  • Search Plan and Results: DLM-SF: Endothelial Function and Inflammation (2021)
     
  In healthy adults, what is the effect of reduced saturated fat intake on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?

  • Conclusion

    In healthy adults, the effect of a reduced amount of saturated fat intake on TNF concentration is unclear, although no statistically significant difference was found.

  • Grade: Low (C)
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In healthy adults, what is the effect of reduced saturated fat intake on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Teng K, Voon P, Cheng H, Nesaretnam K. Effects of partially hydrogenated, semi-saturated, and high oleate vegetable oils on inflammatory markers and lipids. Lipids 2010; 45:385-392
      • Voon P, Ng T, Lee V, Nesaretnam K. Diets high in palmitic acid (16:0), lauric and myristic acids (12:0 + 14:0), or oleic acid (18:1) do not alter postprandial or fasting plasma homocysteine and inflammatory markers in healthy Malaysian adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011; 94:1451-1457
  • Search Plan and Results: DLM-SF: Endothelial Function and Inflammation (2021)