CRDA: Lipid Outcomes (2023)
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Intervention
In adults with overweight or obesity and no other established disease, what is the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction compared to higher CHO diets on total cholesterol?
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Conclusion
Evidence suggests that intake of a low- or moderate-carbohydrate (CHO) diet compared to a higher CHO intake may have no effect on total cholesterol in adults with overweight or obesity and no other established disease.
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Grade: Low (C)
- Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
- Grade II is Fair;
- Grade III is Limited/Weak;
- Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
- Grade V is Not Assignable.
- High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
- Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
- Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
- Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
- Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
-
Evidence Summary: In adults with overweight or obesity and no other established disease, what is the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction compared to higher CHO diets on total cholesterol?
- Detail
- Quality Rating Summary
For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
- Worksheets
- Ahmad A, Isherwood C, Umpleby M, Griffin B. Effects of High and Low Sugar Diets on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 2020; 66:S18-S24
- Alfawaz H, Naeef A, Wani K, Khattak M, Sabico S, Alnaami A, Al-Daghri N. Improvements in Glycemic, Micronutrient, and Mineral Indices in Arab Adults with Pre-Diabetes Post-Lifestyle Modification Program. Nutrients 2019; 11:
- Ballesteros-Pomar M, Calleja-Fernández A, Vidal-Casariego A, Urioste-Fondo A, Cano-Rodríguez I. Effectiveness of energy-restricted diets with different protein:carbohydrate ratios: the relationship to insulin sensitivity. Public Health Nutrition 2010; 13:2119-2126
- Brooking L, Williams S, Mann J. Effects of macronutrient composition of the diet on body fat in indigenous people at high risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2012; 96:40-46
- Davis C, Bryan J, Hodgson J, Woodman R, Murphy K. A Mediterranean Diet Reduces F-Isoprostanes and Triglycerides among Older Australian Men and Women after 6 Months. Journal of Nutrition 2017; 147:1348-1355
- de Melo C, Dos Santos Quaresma M, Del Re M, Ribeiro S, Moreira Antunes H, Togeiro S, Tufik S, de Mello M. One-month of a low-energy diet, with no additional effect of high-protein, reduces Obstructive Sleep Apnea severity and improve metabolic parameters in obese males. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN 2021; 42:82-89
- Falkenhain K, Locke S, Lowe D, Reitsma N, Lee T, Singer J, Weiss E, Little J. Keyto app and device versus WW app on weight loss and metabolic risk in adults with overweight or obesity: A randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2021; 29:1606-1614
- Fechner E, Bilet L, Peters H, Schrauwen P, Mensink R. A Whole-Diet Approach Affects Not Only Fasting but Also Postprandial Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Nutrition 2020; 150:2942-2949
- Galbreath M, Campbell B, LaBounty P, Bunn J, Dove J, Harvey T, Hudson G, Gutierrez J, Levers K, Galvan E, Jagim A, Greenwood L, Cooke M, Greenwood M, Rasmussen C, Kreider R. Effects of Adherence to a Higher Protein Diet on Weight Loss, Markers of Health, and Functional Capacity in Older Women Participating in a Resistance-Based Exercise Program. Nutrients 2018; 10:1-20
- Genoni A, Lyons-Wall P, Lo J, Devine A. Cardiovascular, Metabolic Effects and Dietary Composition of Ad-Libitum Paleolithic vs. Australian Guide to Healthy Eating Diets: a 4-Week Randomised Trial. Nutrients 2016; 8:2-13
- Haufe S, Engeli S, Kast P, Böhnke J, Utz W, Haas V, Hermsdorf M, Mähler A, Wiesner S, Birkenfeld A, Sell H, Otto C, Mehling H, Luft F, Eckel J, Schulz-Menger J, Boschmann M, Jordan J. Randomized comparison of reduced fat and reduced carbohydrate hypocaloric diets on intrahepatic fat in overweight and obese human subjects. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD) 2011; 53:1504-1514
- Lim S, Noakes M, Keogh J, Clifton P. Long-term effects of a low carbohydrate, low fat or high unsaturated fat diet compared to a no-intervention control. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 2010; 20:599-607
- Mateo-Gallego R, Marco-Benedí V, Perez-Calahorra S, Bea A, Baila-Rueda L, Lamiquiz-Moneo I, de Castro-Orós I, Cenarro A,Civeira F. Energy-restricted, high-protein diets more effectively impact cardiometabolic profile in overweight and obese women than lower-protein diets. Clinical Nutrition 2017; 36:371-379
- Walilko E, Napierala M, Bryzkiewicz M, Fronczyk A, Majkowska L. High-Protein or Low Glycemic Index Diet-Which Energy-Restricted Diet Is Better to Start a Weight Loss Program?. Nutrients 2021; 13:1-14
- Detail
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Search Plan and Results: CRDA: Overweight or Obesity and No Other Established Disease 2023
In adults with overweight or obesity and no other established disease, what is the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction compared to higher CHO diets on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol?-
Conclusion
Evidence suggests that intake of a low- or moderate-carbohydrate (CHO) diet compared to a higher CHO intake may have no effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with overweight or obesity and no other established disease.
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Grade: Low (C)
- Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
- Grade II is Fair;
- Grade III is Limited/Weak;
- Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
- Grade V is Not Assignable.
- High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
- Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
- Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
- Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
- Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
-
Evidence Summary: In adults with overweight or obesity and no other established disease, what is the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction compared to higher CHO diets on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol?
- Detail
- Quality Rating Summary
For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
- Worksheets
- Ahmad A, Isherwood C, Umpleby M, Griffin B. Effects of High and Low Sugar Diets on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 2020; 66:S18-S24
- Alfawaz H, Naeef A, Wani K, Khattak M, Sabico S, Alnaami A, Al-Daghri N. Improvements in Glycemic, Micronutrient, and Mineral Indices in Arab Adults with Pre-Diabetes Post-Lifestyle Modification Program. Nutrients 2019; 11:
- Ballesteros-Pomar M, Calleja-Fernández A, Vidal-Casariego A, Urioste-Fondo A, Cano-Rodríguez I. Effectiveness of energy-restricted diets with different protein:carbohydrate ratios: the relationship to insulin sensitivity. Public Health Nutrition 2010; 13:2119-2126
- Brooking L, Williams S, Mann J. Effects of macronutrient composition of the diet on body fat in indigenous people at high risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2012; 96:40-46
- Davis C, Bryan J, Hodgson J, Woodman R, Murphy K. A Mediterranean Diet Reduces F-Isoprostanes and Triglycerides among Older Australian Men and Women after 6 Months. Journal of Nutrition 2017; 147:1348-1355
- de Melo C, Dos Santos Quaresma M, Del Re M, Ribeiro S, Moreira Antunes H, Togeiro S, Tufik S, de Mello M. One-month of a low-energy diet, with no additional effect of high-protein, reduces Obstructive Sleep Apnea severity and improve metabolic parameters in obese males. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN 2021; 42:82-89
- Falkenhain K, Locke S, Lowe D, Reitsma N, Lee T, Singer J, Weiss E, Little J. Keyto app and device versus WW app on weight loss and metabolic risk in adults with overweight or obesity: A randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2021; 29:1606-1614
- Fechner E, Bilet L, Peters H, Schrauwen P, Mensink R. A Whole-Diet Approach Affects Not Only Fasting but Also Postprandial Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Nutrition 2020; 150:2942-2949
- Galbreath M, Campbell B, LaBounty P, Bunn J, Dove J, Harvey T, Hudson G, Gutierrez J, Levers K, Galvan E, Jagim A, Greenwood L, Cooke M, Greenwood M, Rasmussen C, Kreider R. Effects of Adherence to a Higher Protein Diet on Weight Loss, Markers of Health, and Functional Capacity in Older Women Participating in a Resistance-Based Exercise Program. Nutrients 2018; 10:1-20
- Genoni A, Lyons-Wall P, Lo J, Devine A. Cardiovascular, Metabolic Effects and Dietary Composition of Ad-Libitum Paleolithic vs. Australian Guide to Healthy Eating Diets: a 4-Week Randomised Trial. Nutrients 2016; 8:2-13
- Haufe S, Engeli S, Kast P, Böhnke J, Utz W, Haas V, Hermsdorf M, Mähler A, Wiesner S, Birkenfeld A, Sell H, Otto C, Mehling H, Luft F, Eckel J, Schulz-Menger J, Boschmann M, Jordan J. Randomized comparison of reduced fat and reduced carbohydrate hypocaloric diets on intrahepatic fat in overweight and obese human subjects. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD) 2011; 53:1504-1514
- Lim S, Noakes M, Keogh J, Clifton P. Long-term effects of a low carbohydrate, low fat or high unsaturated fat diet compared to a no-intervention control. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 2010; 20:599-607
- Mateo-Gallego R, Marco-Benedí V, Perez-Calahorra S, Bea A, Baila-Rueda L, Lamiquiz-Moneo I, de Castro-Orós I, Cenarro A,Civeira F. Energy-restricted, high-protein diets more effectively impact cardiometabolic profile in overweight and obese women than lower-protein diets. Clinical Nutrition 2017; 36:371-379
- Walilko E, Napierala M, Bryzkiewicz M, Fronczyk A, Majkowska L. High-Protein or Low Glycemic Index Diet-Which Energy-Restricted Diet Is Better to Start a Weight Loss Program?. Nutrients 2021; 13:1-14
- Detail
-
Search Plan and Results: CRDA: Overweight or Obesity and No Other Established Disease 2023
In adults with overweight or obesity and no other established disease, what is the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction compared to higher CHO diets on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol?-
Conclusion
Intake of a low- or moderate-carbohydrate (CHO) diet compared to a higher CHO intake may have no effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults with overweight or obesity and no other established disease; however the evidence is uncertain.
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Grade: Very Low (D)
- Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
- Grade II is Fair;
- Grade III is Limited/Weak;
- Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
- Grade V is Not Assignable.
- High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
- Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
- Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
- Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
- Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
-
Evidence Summary: In adults with overweight or obesity and no other established disease, what is the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction compared to higher CHO diets on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol?
- Detail
- Quality Rating Summary
For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
- Worksheets
- Ahmad A, Isherwood C, Umpleby M, Griffin B. Effects of High and Low Sugar Diets on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 2020; 66:S18-S24
- Alfawaz H, Naeef A, Wani K, Khattak M, Sabico S, Alnaami A, Al-Daghri N. Improvements in Glycemic, Micronutrient, and Mineral Indices in Arab Adults with Pre-Diabetes Post-Lifestyle Modification Program. Nutrients 2019; 11:
- Ballesteros-Pomar M, Calleja-Fernández A, Vidal-Casariego A, Urioste-Fondo A, Cano-Rodríguez I. Effectiveness of energy-restricted diets with different protein:carbohydrate ratios: the relationship to insulin sensitivity. Public Health Nutrition 2010; 13:2119-2126
- Davis C, Hodgson J, Woodman R, Bryan J, Wilson C, Murphy K. A Mediterranean diet lowers blood pressure and improves endothelial function: results from the MedLey randomized intervention trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2017; 105:1305-1313
- de Melo C, Dos Santos Quaresma M, Del Re M, Ribeiro S, Moreira Antunes H, Togeiro S, Tufik S, de Mello M. One-month of a low-energy diet, with no additional effect of high-protein, reduces Obstructive Sleep Apnea severity and improve metabolic parameters in obese males. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN 2021; 42:82-89
- Falkenhain K, Locke S, Lowe D, Reitsma N, Lee T, Singer J, Weiss E, Little J. Keyto app and device versus WW app on weight loss and metabolic risk in adults with overweight or obesity: A randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2021; 29:1606-1614
- Fechner E, Bilet L, Peters H, Schrauwen P, Mensink R. A Whole-Diet Approach Affects Not Only Fasting but Also Postprandial Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Nutrition 2020; 150:2942-2949
- Galbreath M, Campbell B, LaBounty P, Bunn J, Dove J, Harvey T, Hudson G, Gutierrez J, Levers K, Galvan E, Jagim A, Greenwood L, Cooke M, Greenwood M, Rasmussen C, Kreider R. Effects of Adherence to a Higher Protein Diet on Weight Loss, Markers of Health, and Functional Capacity in Older Women Participating in a Resistance-Based Exercise Program. Nutrients 2018; 10:1-20
- Genoni A, Lyons-Wall P, Lo J, Devine A. Cardiovascular, Metabolic Effects and Dietary Composition of Ad-Libitum Paleolithic vs. Australian Guide to Healthy Eating Diets: a 4-Week Randomised Trial. Nutrients 2016; 8:2-13
- Haufe S, Engeli S, Kast P, Böhnke J, Utz W, Haas V, Hermsdorf M, Mähler A, Wiesner S, Birkenfeld A, Sell H, Otto C, Mehling H, Luft F, Eckel J, Schulz-Menger J, Boschmann M, Jordan J. Randomized comparison of reduced fat and reduced carbohydrate hypocaloric diets on intrahepatic fat in overweight and obese human subjects. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD) 2011; 53:1504-1514
- Lim S, Noakes M, Keogh J, Clifton P. Long-term effects of a low carbohydrate, low fat or high unsaturated fat diet compared to a no-intervention control. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 2010; 20:599-607
- Mateo-Gallego R, Marco-Benedí V, Perez-Calahorra S, Bea A, Baila-Rueda L, Lamiquiz-Moneo I, de Castro-Orós I, Cenarro A,Civeira F. Energy-restricted, high-protein diets more effectively impact cardiometabolic profile in overweight and obese women than lower-protein diets. Clinical Nutrition 2017; 36:371-379
- Walilko E, Napierala M, Bryzkiewicz M, Fronczyk A, Majkowska L. High-Protein or Low Glycemic Index Diet-Which Energy-Restricted Diet Is Better to Start a Weight Loss Program?. Nutrients 2021; 13:1-14
- Detail
-
Search Plan and Results: CRDA: Overweight or Obesity and No Other Established Disease 2023
In adults with overweight or obesity and no other established disease, what is the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction compared to higher CHO diets on triglycerides?-
Conclusion
Evidence suggests that intake of a low- or moderate-carbohydrate (CHO) diet compared to a higher CHO intake likely reduces triglycerides in adults with overweight or obesity and no other established disease.
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Grade: Moderate (B)
- Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
- Grade II is Fair;
- Grade III is Limited/Weak;
- Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
- Grade V is Not Assignable.
- High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
- Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
- Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
- Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
- Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
-
Evidence Summary: In adults with overweight or obesity and no other established disease, what is the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction compared to higher CHO diets on triglycerides?
- Detail
- Quality Rating Summary
For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
- Worksheets
- Ahmad A, Isherwood C, Umpleby M, Griffin B. Effects of High and Low Sugar Diets on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 2020; 66:S18-S24
- Alfawaz H, Naeef A, Wani K, Khattak M, Sabico S, Alnaami A, Al-Daghri N. Improvements in Glycemic, Micronutrient, and Mineral Indices in Arab Adults with Pre-Diabetes Post-Lifestyle Modification Program. Nutrients 2019; 11:
- Ballesteros-Pomar M, Calleja-Fernández A, Vidal-Casariego A, Urioste-Fondo A, Cano-Rodríguez I. Effectiveness of energy-restricted diets with different protein:carbohydrate ratios: the relationship to insulin sensitivity. Public Health Nutrition 2010; 13:2119-2126
- Brooking L, Williams S, Mann J. Effects of macronutrient composition of the diet on body fat in indigenous people at high risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2012; 96:40-46
- Davis C, Bryan J, Hodgson J, Woodman R, Murphy K. A Mediterranean Diet Reduces F-Isoprostanes and Triglycerides among Older Australian Men and Women after 6 Months. Journal of Nutrition 2017; 147:1348-1355
- de Melo C, Dos Santos Quaresma M, Del Re M, Ribeiro S, Moreira Antunes H, Togeiro S, Tufik S, de Mello M. One-month of a low-energy diet, with no additional effect of high-protein, reduces Obstructive Sleep Apnea severity and improve metabolic parameters in obese males. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN 2021; 42:82-89
- Falkenhain K, Locke S, Lowe D, Reitsma N, Lee T, Singer J, Weiss E, Little J. Keyto app and device versus WW app on weight loss and metabolic risk in adults with overweight or obesity: A randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2021; 29:1606-1614
- Fechner E, Bilet L, Peters H, Schrauwen P, Mensink R. A Whole-Diet Approach Affects Not Only Fasting but Also Postprandial Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Nutrition 2020; 150:2942-2949
- Galbreath M, Campbell B, LaBounty P, Bunn J, Dove J, Harvey T, Hudson G, Gutierrez J, Levers K, Galvan E, Jagim A, Greenwood L, Cooke M, Greenwood M, Rasmussen C, Kreider R. Effects of Adherence to a Higher Protein Diet on Weight Loss, Markers of Health, and Functional Capacity in Older Women Participating in a Resistance-Based Exercise Program. Nutrients 2018; 10:1-20
- Genoni A, Lyons-Wall P, Lo J, Devine A. Cardiovascular, Metabolic Effects and Dietary Composition of Ad-Libitum Paleolithic vs. Australian Guide to Healthy Eating Diets: a 4-Week Randomised Trial. Nutrients 2016; 8:2-13
- Haufe S, Engeli S, Kast P, Böhnke J, Utz W, Haas V, Hermsdorf M, Mähler A, Wiesner S, Birkenfeld A, Sell H, Otto C, Mehling H, Luft F, Eckel J, Schulz-Menger J, Boschmann M, Jordan J. Randomized comparison of reduced fat and reduced carbohydrate hypocaloric diets on intrahepatic fat in overweight and obese human subjects. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD) 2011; 53:1504-1514
- Lim S, Noakes M, Keogh J, Clifton P. Long-term effects of a low carbohydrate, low fat or high unsaturated fat diet compared to a no-intervention control. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 2010; 20:599-607
- Mateo-Gallego R, Marco-Benedí V, Perez-Calahorra S, Bea A, Baila-Rueda L, Lamiquiz-Moneo I, de Castro-Orós I, Cenarro A,Civeira F. Energy-restricted, high-protein diets more effectively impact cardiometabolic profile in overweight and obese women than lower-protein diets. Clinical Nutrition 2017; 36:371-379
- Walilko E, Napierala M, Bryzkiewicz M, Fronczyk A, Majkowska L. High-Protein or Low Glycemic Index Diet-Which Energy-Restricted Diet Is Better to Start a Weight Loss Program?. Nutrients 2021; 13:1-14
- Detail
-
Search Plan and Results: CRDA: Overweight or Obesity and No Other Established Disease 2023
-
Conclusion